Current status and future perspectives of radiomics in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Summary of the studies that evaluated radiomics to preoperatively predict hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma histology

Ref.	Country	n	Imaging modality	Endpoint	Segmentation	ROI/VOI	No. of readers	Main results	Validation
Wang et al[92], 2022	China	196	MRI	cHCC-CC vs HCC	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	1	AUC (delayed phase MRI): 0.91	None
Liu et al[24], 2021	Canada	85	MRI and CT	cHCC-CC vs HCC vs CC	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	AUC (MRI): 0.77-0.81. AUC (CT): 0.71-0.81	Cross-validation
Lewis et al[25], 2019	United States	63	MRI	cHCC-CC vs HCC vs CC	Manual, intratumoral	VOI	2	AUC (LI-RADS and male gender): 0.90	None
Nie et al[27], 2020	China	156	CT	HCC vs FNH	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	AUC (radiomics): 0.96 training, 0.87 validation. AUC (radiomics + clinical factors): 0.98 training, 0.92 validation	None
Wu et al[28], 2019	China	369	MRI	HCC vs hemangioma	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	AUC: 0.86 training, 0.89 testing	None
Mokrane et al[29], 2020	United States	178	CT	HCC diagnosis	Manual, intratumoral	VOI	2	AUC: 0.70 training, 0.66 validation	External
Brancato et al[34], 2022	Italy	38	MRI	Tumor grade	Manual, intratumoral	VOI	1	AUC: 0.89	None
Gao et al[93], 2018	China	Training: 125. Validation: 45	MRI	Tumor grade	Manual, intratumoral	N/A	N/A	AUC: 0.83 training, 0.74 validation	None
Wu et al[30], 2019	China	Training: 125. Validation: 45	MRI	Tumor grade	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	1	AUC: 0.83 training, 0.74 validation	Internal
Zhou et al[94], 2017	China	46	MRI	Tumor grade	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	1	AUC: 0.83-0.92	None
Mao et al[31], 2022	China	Training: 85. Validation: 37	MRI	Tumor grade	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2	AUC: 0.97 training, 0.94 validation	Internal
Chen et al[33], 2021	China	Training: 112. Validation: 49	CT	Tumor grade	Manual, intratumoral	VOI	2	AUC: 0.90 training, 0.94 validation	Internal
Yang et al[95], 2019	China	Training: 146. Validation: 62	Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI	MVI	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	2 (consensus)	AUC: 0.94 training, 0.86 validation	Internal
Xu et al[39], 2019	China	495	CT	MVI	Semi-automatic, intratumoral and peritumoral	VOI	3	AUC: 0.91 training, 0.89 validation	Internal
Feng et al[40], 2019	China	160	Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI	MVI	Manual, intratumoral and peritumoral	VOI	3	AUC: 0.85 training, 0.83 validation	Internal
Zheng et al[41], 2017	United States	120	CT	MVI	Semi-automatic	ROI	1	AUC: 0.80	None
Bakr et al[96], 2017	United States	28	CT	MVI	Manual, intratumoral	ROI	4	AUC: 0.76	None
Ma et al[97], 2019	China	157	CT	MVI	Manual, intratumoral	VOI	1	AUC (portal venous phase CT): 0.79	Cross-validation

AUC: Area under the curve; cHCC-CC: Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma; CT: Computed tomography; FNH: Focal nodular hyperplasia; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MVI: Microvascular invasion; ROI: Region of interest; VOI: Volume of interest.