Innate and adaptive immune escape mechanisms of hepatitis B virus

Table 1 Novel immune therapeutic strategies for clinical chronic hepatitis B treatment

Target	Drug name	Sponsor	Phase	Notes	Ref.
HBsAg inhibitor	REP-2139	Replicor	II	Reduce the level of HBsAg	[101,102]
HBsAg inhibitor	REP-2165	Replicor	II	Reduce the level of HBsAg (similar to REP-2139)	[102]
RIG and NOD agonist	SB9200	Spring Bank	IIb/III	Prolonged IFN-α and IFN-β secretion; Reduce hepatitis virus antigen and DNA	[107]
TLR7 agonist	RO7020531	Roche	Ⅰ	Activate HBV-specific CD8+ T and Tfh cells; Reduce the frequency of Tregs and MDSCs	[108]
TCR-T cells	HBsAg-TCR-T cells	Lion TCR Pte	Ⅰ	Safely and efficiently reduced HBsAg levels; Reduced level of HBV DNA and HBsAg	[115]
Therapeutic vaccine	TG1050	Transgene	Ⅰ	Reduced level of HBV DNA and HBsAg; Long-lasting HBV-specific T cell responses	[125]
Therapeutic vaccine	HBsAg-HBIG (YIC)	National Vaccine and Serum Institute	III	Increase the level of IL-2; Long-lasting HBV-specific T-cell responses	[126]
Therapeutic vaccine	Nasvac	CIGB	III	Sustained control of HBV DNA; Clearance of HBeAg	[127]
Therapeutic vaccine	GS-4774	Gilead	III	Strong immune stimulatory effect on T cells	[128]

HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; NOD: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain; IFN-α: Interferon-α; IFN-β: Interferon-β; IL-2: Interleukin-2; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; RIG-I: Retinoic acid-inducible gene I; TCR: T-cell receptor; Tfh: Follicular helper T cells; TLR7: Toll-like receptor 7; Tregs: Regulatory T cells.