Abnormal liver chemistries as a predictor of COVID-19 severity and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients

Table 2 In-hospital management and outcomes of patients with a positive test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

Characteristics	All patients (n = 3830)	Non-severe1 (n = 2476)	Severe1 (n = 1354)	P value
Respiratory support, n (%)
Non-rebreathing oxygen face mask	3147 (82.2)	1821 (73.5)	1326 (97.9)	< 0.001
High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy	843 (22)	18 (0.7)	825 (60.9)	< 0.001
Pharmacological treatment, n (%)
NSAIDs	3303 (86.2)	2107 (85.1)	1196 (88.3)	0.005
Antiviral therapy	192 (5)	106 (4.3)	86 (6.4)	0.005
Antibacterial therapy	2649 (69.2)	1483 (59.9)	1166 (86.1)	< 0.001
Antifungal therapy	234 (6.1)	59 (2.4)	175 (12.9)	< 0.001
Azithromycin	947 (24.7)	530 (21.4)	417 (30.8)	< 0.001
Hydroxychloroquine	423 (11)	239 (9.7)	184 (13.6)	< 0.001
Oseltamivir	10 (0.3)	4 (0.2)	6 (0.4)	0.10
Remdesivir	1303 (34)	741 (29.9)	562 (41.5)	< 0.001
Vitamin D	391 (10.2)	227 (9.2)	164 (12.1)	0.004
Statins	1457 (38)	865 (34.9)	592 (43.7)	< 0.001
ACE inhibitors	378 (9.9)	215 (8.7)	163 (12)	< 0.001
ARB inhibitors	414 (10.8)	246 (9.9)	168 (12.4)	0.018
Immunomodulatory therapy, n (%)
Dexamethasone	1560 (40.7)	881 (35.6)	679 (50.1)	< 0.001
Tocilizumab	95 (2.5)	3 (0.1%)	92 (6.8)	< 0.001
Advanced therapies, n (%)
Vasopressors	587 (15.3)	2 (0.1)	585 (43.2)	< 0.001
Renal replacement therapy/dialysis	188 (4.9 )	6 (0.2)	182 (13.4)	< 0.001
Clinical outcome, n (%)
Discharged alive from hospital	3138 (87.2)	2372 (100)	766 (62.4)	< 0.001
Median length of hospital stay (IQR)	6.3 (3.4-12.1)	4.8 (2.8-7.7)	12.3 (7.1-22.3)	< 0.001

¹Based on the World Health Organization disease severity classification.

SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; IQR: Interquartile range; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blockers.