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World J Gastroenterol. Dec 28, 2022; 28(48): 6909-6921
Published online Dec 28, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i48.6909
Table 1 Modulators of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway in metabolic associated fatty liver disease
Compound name
Species
Diet/duration
Treatment
Key findings
Reference
MonoHERFemale C57BL/6J mice (Ldlr-/-)High fat and high cholesterol/13 wkAdministered daily subcutaneously at a dosage of 500 mg/kg of body weight (25 µL/g of body weight)NRF2 activation, ↑GSH/GSSG ratio, ↑HO-1, GSH-Px[62]
ScutellarinMale C57BL/6 mice, hepaG2 cellsHigh fat/10 wkAdministration of 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/kg per day↑PPARγ, PGC-1α, NRF2, HO-1, NQO1, Keap1, NF-κB[33]
Sprague-Dawley ratsHigh fat/12 wkAdministered orally 50, 100, and 300 mg/kg/dNRF2, HO-1, NQO1; PI3K/AKT activation[34]
ApigeninMale C57BL/6J miceHigh fat/16 wkInjected intraperitonially 30 mg/kg daily for 3 wkNRF2 activation; PPARγ inhibition; SOD, CAT, GSH-Px[35]
7,8-dihydroxyflavoneMale wistar ratsHigh fat, ethanol/12 wkAdministered intraperitonially at 5 mg/kg/d for 4 wkAmelioration of liver architecture, vescicular changes, infiltration; restored serum biomarkers like AST, ALT, and TC; ↑NRF2; ↓NF-κB[63]
ResveratrolMale C57BL/6 miceHigh fat/16 wkSupplemented with 0.4% resveratrol in HFD for 16 wkAttenuated liver steatosis; ↑NRF2 activation; attenuated HFD induced methylation of NRF2 promoter; ↓oxidative stress[68]
QuecertinHepG2 cells-Treated with quecertin at 5-50 µM concentrations for 0, 10, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 1080 min↑GSH, GSH-Px, GCS; p38-MAPK is involved in NRF2 modulation; ↓oxidative stress[69]
Curcumin (1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione)Male C57BL/6 miceHigh fat and high fructose/8 wkAdministered orally 50 and 100 mg/kg/d for 4 wk↑CYP3A, CYP7A; regulation of NRF2/FXR/LXRα pathway; ↓SREBP-1C, FAS[70]
Male Sprague-Dawley ratsHigh fat/6 wkAdministered orally 50 mg/kg daily for 6 wk↓Steatosis and inflammation; ↓Serum aminotransferases, lipids, and insulin resistance; ↓TNF, IL-6, MDA; ↑NRF2, GSH, HO-1, SOD[71]
OltiprazMale Fischer 344 ratsCholine-deficient L-amino acid–defined/10 wkAdministered orally at 60 mg/kg/d for 9 wk↑NRF2 activation; antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory; ↓AST and ALT; ↑NQO1 gene expression[61]
GSTDHL-7702 cells, male C57BL/6J, male Sprague-Dawley ratsOleic acid (OA)/24 h, high fat/10 wk; high fat and high cholesterol/10 wkCells were treated with GSTD for 24 h, administered orally at 10, 20, 50 mg/kg per day for 10 wk, administered orally at 20, 50 mg/kg per day for 10 wk↑NRF2, HO-1, SOD; activate AMPK/NRF2; ↓proinflammatory response, and hepatic steatosis; ↓MDA, ROS[65]
NK-252 1-(5-(furan-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-3-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)urea)Male Fischer 344 ratsCholine-deficient L-amino acid–defined/10 wkAdministered orally at 20, 60 mg/kg/d for 9 wkAttenuated histological abnormalities; ↑antifibrotic effects; ↓TGF-β1, collagen α1; NRF2 activation; ↑NQO1 expression[61]
ClusterinMale hCLU-tg miceMCD/3 wkGenerated hepatocyte-specific clusterin overexpression transgenic mice and fed with MCD diet↓Hepatic TGs; less infiltration of macrophages; ↓TNF; ↑NRF2 activation and mRNA of HO-1[66]
OsteocalcinMale C57/BL6J miceHigh fat/12 wkInjected intraperitonially at concentration 3 ng/µL/d for 12 wk↓Hepatic TG accumulation; ↑NRF2 activation; ↑CAT, SOD, GSH-Px; ↓JNK activation[67]
OrlistatMale Sprague-Dawley ratsHigh fat/12 wkAdministered at 10 mg/kg/d for 12 wk↑NRF2 activation; protection against insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and liver injury[72]
Garcinia CambogiaMale C57BL/6N miceHigh fat/8 wkAdministered 200, 400 mg/kg/d for 8 wk↑NRF2 activation; ↓ROS production; suppressed lipogenic factors C/EBPα and PPARγ; suppressed apoptosis by normalizing Bcl-2/BAX ratio and PARP cleavage[73]
HTTMale Sprague-Dawley rats, 3T3-L1 murine embryo fibroblast cellsHigh fat/4 wk, 3T3-L1 cells treated with FBS/DMEM for 8 dAdministered orally HTT at 350, 700, and 1400 mg/kg/d, 3T3-L1 cells treated with HTT at 500 µg/mL for 24 h or 48 h↑NRF2-HO-1 activation, antioxidant activities; HTT inhibited liver weight gain; reduced lipid profile; improved liver function; HTT promoted lipolysis and increased antioxidant activities in 3T3-L1 cells[74]
HesperitinHepG2 cells, male wistar ratsOA/24 h, high fat/16 wkTreated cells at 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 µM; administered 100 mg/kg in 0.5% CMC-NaAlleviated hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress by increasing SOD, GSH-Px, GCLC, and HO-1; ↑NRF2 activation; suppressed OA induced inflammation; reduced TC, TGs, and LDLC in a dose-dependent manner[75]
GlucoraphaninMale C57BL/6JSlc miceHigh fat/14 wkAdministered 0.3% glucoraphanin orally for 14 wkDecrease in weight gain; improved insulin resistance; reduced hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress; decrease in circulating LPS; ↑NRF2 activation; ↑energy expenditure and; UCP1 protein expression[76]
Scutellaria baicalensis extractMale KK-Ay mice1% Orotic acid and 33% sugar/7 dSupplemented with diet for 7 dDiminished increase in liver weight; attenuated hepatic steatosis; ↑NRF2 expression; suppress SREBP-1c gene and protein expression[77]
Ginkgolide BMale C57/BL6 ApoE-/--mice, HepG2 cellsHigh fat/5 wk, 100 µM palmitic acid (PA) and 200 µM OA/24 hAdministered orally at 20, 30, and 1.3 mg/kg/d; treated cells at dosages 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 µg/mLNRF2 activation; inhibition of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation through NRF2 pathway; increase in HO-1 and GSH-Px4[78]
ScoparoneMale C57BL/6 J mice, AML2 and RAW264.7 cellsMCD/4 wk; AML12/300 µM PA and RAW264.7/10 µM/ ChloroquineAdministered daily intraperitonially for 4 wk at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg; AML12 and RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with scoparone for 2 hAmeliorated hepatic inflammation; improved hepatic autophagy; suppressed inflammation by inhibiting ROS/P38/NRF2 axis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway[79]
DAMale C57BL/6J mice, HL7702 cellsHigh fat/12 wk, 0.6 mM OA/24 hAdministered by gavage at 10 and 20 mg/kg/d for 9 wk; treated with 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 µM DAAmeliorated liver ferroptosis in mice and cells; improved oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in vivo; ↑NRF2-HO-1 expression; ↑GSH, GSH-Px4[80]
SilibininMale C57BL/6 mice, NCTC-1469 cellsMCD/6 wk, OA plus PA/24 hAdministered by gavage at 10 and 20 mg/kg/d for 6 wk, 0.25 mM/L PA and 0.5 mM/L OA/24 hPrevented CFLAR-JNK pathway; ↑β-oxidation and efflux of fatty acids; ↑expression of CAT, GSH, GSH-Px, and HO-1; ↓expression of CYP2E1 and CYP4A; ↑NRF2 activation[81]
Chicoric acidMale C57BL/6 miceHigh fat/9 wkAdministered by gavage at 15 and 30 mg/kg/d for 9 wkAttenuated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation; alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress; suppressed hepatic inflammation and NF-κB pathway; ↑NRF2/Keap1 activation; improved gut microbiota[82]
Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-A1Male C57BL/6J miceHigh fat/16 wkAdministered intraperitonially 2 mg/kg/d for 7 wk↑NRF2/ARE activation; improved lipid homeostasis; ↑ATP production; improved mitochondrial biogenesis; ameliorated oxidative stress[83]