Clinical diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer: Markers, molecular mechanisms, and treatment options

Table 1 Diagnostic markers of pancreatic cancer

Cancer type	Markers	Expression	Sensitivity	Specificity	AUC	Ref.
PC	CA 19-9	Serum	72.0%	86%.0	0.8474	[72]
PC	MUC5AC + CA19-9	Serum	73.8%	88.6%	0.8940	[75]
PC	MIC-1	Serum	80.0%	85.0%	0.8945	[76]
PDAC	Keratin 8	Serum	80.0%	85.0%	0.8945	[77]
PDAC	PIVKA-II	Serum	78.7%	90.7%	0.9000	[78]
PDAC	GREM1	Serum	Unknown	Unknown	0.7180	[79]

AUC: Area under the curve; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; GREM1: Gremlin 1; MIC-1: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1; MUC5AC: Mucin 5AC; PC: Pancreatic cancer; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PIVKA-II: Protein induced by vitamin k absence II.