Epidemiology of liver cirrhosis and associated complications: Current knowledge and future directions

Table 3 Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis

Ref.	Country	Study population	Study period	Study design	Epidemiology
[119]	US	392800 NAFLD patients from 26 major integrated US healthcare systems	2015-2020	Retrospective cohort study	Prevalence: 374.4/10000 persons
[120]	Sweden	15215 individuals with cirrhosis in the National Outpatient Register	2001-2016	Nationwide population-based cohort study	Incidence rate: 23 per 1000 person-years; cumulative incidence: 8.3% at 5 years and 12.2% (4.3% in women with alcoholic cirrhosis and 26.6% in men with viral hepatitis) at 10 years
[121]	US	2733 patients with cirrhosis in two contemporary prospective multiethnic cohorts	2016-2020 (with follow-up until June 30, 2021)	Prospective multiethnic cohort study	Annual incidence: 1.82% (1.71%, 1.32%, and 1.24% in cured HCV, ALD and NAFLD, respectively)
[122]	NA	29444 patients with HCV cure	NA	Meta-analysis	Incidence: 2.1 per 100 person-years
[123]	China	937 treatment-naïve adults with compensated HBV-induced cirrhosis	2012-2015 (with follow-up until June 30, 2019)	Prospective cohort study	Cumulative incidence: 7.4% at 5 years
[124]	Korea	359 patients with HBV-associated cirrhosis who were treated with ETV for at least 2 years	2007-2012 (median follow-up of 82 mo)	Retrospective cohort study	Cumulative incidence: 4.7%, 15.9%, 21.8% and 32.9% at 3, 5, 7 and 9 years, respectively
[125]	US	501 veterans with PBC and compensated cirrhosis	2008-2016 (with follow-up until December 31, 2019)	Retrospective cohort study	Incidence: 0.6 and 0.7 person-years in UDCA responders and UDCA partial responders, respectively
[126]	US	532 patients with PBC and compensated cirrhosis	2008-2016 (with follow-up until June 30, 2020)	Retrospective cohort study	Incidence: 0.9 and 0.3 person-years in males and females, respectively
[129]	NA	148333 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis	NA	Meta-analysis	Cumulative incidence: 1%, 2%, 3%, and 9% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively
[131]	China	1095 patients with decompensated cirrhosis	2014-2019	Retrospective cohort study	Incidence: 3.92% in alcoholic cirrhosis
[132]	China	1515 patients with cirrhosis with alcoholism or/and HBV infection	2005-2020 (with follow-up until June 30, 2021)	Retrospective cohort study	Annual incidence: 3.5% (5.9%, 3.6%, and 2.9% in HBV plus alcoholism, HBV only and alcoholism only patients, respectively)

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; US: United States; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; ALD: Alcoholic liver disease; NA: Not available; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; ETV: Entecavir; PBC: Primary biliary cholangitis; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid.