Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: Trends and challenges

Table 3 Overview of Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of colorectal cancer [PubMed Search (immunotherapy) AND (nanoparticle) AND (colorectal cancer)]

Type of nanoparticle	Treatment strategy	Drugs or active substance involved	The main involvement of immune cells	Ref.
Copolymers	PDT induces HIF-1α expression, leading to the upregulation of PD-L1 expression, ICIs	Photosensitizer, PD-L1 antibody	DCs, CD8+T cells, memory T cells	Yuan et al[107]
Polymeric nanoparticle	PTT, chemotherapy, ICD	PBOXA, donor–spacer–acceptor–spacer–donor type fluorophore	DCs, T cells, CTLs	Zhu et al[108]
Copolymers	ICD, ICIs	SK, PD-L1 knockdown siRNA	DCs, TAMs, Tregs, T cells	Li et al[109]
Polymers	ICD, ferroptosis	DHA	DCs, T cells	Duan et al[111]
Platelet membrane-coated nanoparticle	TLR7 treatment	R848	DCs	Bahmani et al[113]
Liposomes with cell membrane	ICD, chemotherapy, lncRNA-targeting therapy	Oxaliplatin, shPvt1	DCs, MDSCs, CD8+T cells	Liu et al[117]
Silver nanoparticles	Anti-Fn	Phage M13	MDSCs, DCs, TAMs	Dong et al[122]
Supramolecular assembled programmable immune activation nanomedicine	In-situ cancer vaccine, ICD	PPCD, CpG/PAMAM	DCs, CD8+T cells	Zhang et al[123]

ICIs: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; PTT: Photothermal therapy; ICD: Immunogenic cell death; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; PBOXA: Oxaliplatin prodrug; SK: Shikonin, DHA: Dihydroartemisinin; TLR: Toll-like receptor; shPvt1: Short hair-pinned RNA against Pvt1; Fn: Fusobacterium nucleatum; PPCD: Poly-[(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-aspartamide]-Pt(IV)/beta-cyclodextrin; PAMAM: Polyamidoamine; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; DCs: Dendritic cells; CTLs: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes; TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages; Tregs: Regulatory T lymphocytes; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells.