Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: Trends and challenges

Table 2 Overview of Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma [PubMed Search (immunotherapy) AND (nanoparticle) AND (hepatocellular carcinoma)]

Type of nanoparticle	Treatment strategy	Drugs or active substance involved	The main involvement of immune cells	Ref.
Nano-micelles	ICD, chemotherapy, PDT	PTX, TPABDTO	CTLs, MDSCs, Tregs, DCs	Xu et al[75]
Polymers	p53 gene reprograms the immune microenvironment	p53 mRNA	T cells, NK cells	Xiao et al[83]
MSNPs	Anti-angiogenic drugs, ICIs	Sorafenib, PD-L1 antibody	T cells	Li et al[84]
Copolymers	ICD, chemotherapy	Icaritin, DOX	T cells, DCs	Yu et al[85]
Lipid nanoparticle	CCL2 and CCL5 dual-target	BisCCL2/5i mRNA	TAMs	Wang et al[87]
Microcapsules	Improving hypoxia	Oxygen	TAMs	Dai et al[91]
Copolymers	Mitigates LSEC capillarization	Simvastatin	NKT cells	Yu et al[93]
LNPs	Antigen specific vaccine	Tumor-derived RNA	T cells, DCs	Zhang et al[98]

ICD: Immunogenic cell death; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; CTLs: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes; PTX: Paclitaxel; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; DCs: Dendritic cells; CCL2: Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2; CCL5: Chemokine C-C motif ligand 5; DOX: Doxorubicin; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; NK cells: Natural killer cells; TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages; Tregs: Regulatory T lymphocytes; MSNPs: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles; LSEC: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; LNPs: Lipid nanoparticles; NKT: Natural killer T.