Immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: Trends and challenges

Table 1 Overview of immunotherapy-based novel nanoparticles in the treatment of gastric cancer [PubMed Search (immunotherapy) AND (nanoparticle) AND (gastric cancer)]

Type of nanoparticle	Treatment strategy	Drugs or active substance involved	The main involvement of immune cells	Ref.
Copolymers	ICIs, chemotherapy	DOC, PD-L1 mAb	T cells	Xu et al[50]
Copolymers	ICIs, epigenetic treatment	DAC, nivolumab	PD1+CD8+ TILs	Hu et al[52]
Hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles	Dual-damage to nDNA and mitoDNA activates the c-GAS/STING pathway to stimulate innate immunity	Platinum, IR820	CD8+ T cells, DCs	Guo et al[54]
HSA nanoparticles	Targeted chemotherapy and immunotherapy	Au(III) thiosemicarbazone agent	TAMs	Zhang et al[57]
Polymers	DC vaccine	Human gastric tumor antigens	DCs	Kohnepoushi et al[61]
Gold nanoshell	Gene therapy, hyperthermia and immunoadjuvants therapy	HER-2 targeted siRNA, gold, CpG	DCs, T cells	Zhang et al[64]

ICIs: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; DOC: Docetaxel; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; mAb: Monoclonal antibody; DAC: 5-Aza-20-deoxycytidine; TILs: Tumor-infiltrating T cells; DCs: Dendritic cells; HSA: Human serum albumin; TAMs: Tumor-associated macrophages; HER-2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; CpG: Cytosine–guanine.