Natural history and outcomes of patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by hepatic hydrothorax

Table 3 Univariable Cox regression on patient survival to 12 mo

Enduring variables	Overall1, 12-mo survival	Transplant-free, 12-mo survival
	HR (95%CI)	HR (95%CI)
Age, per 5-yr	1.13 (0.94-1.35)	0.95 (0.85-1.07)
Male sex	2.05 (0.84-4.99)	1.68 (0.94-3.00)
Diabetes	0.56 (0.25-1.50)	0.39 (0.19-0.81)
Ischaemic heart disease	2.00 (0.68-5.92)	0.80 (0.29-2.23)
Heart failure	0.86 (0.12-6.38)	0.35 (0.05-2.55)
Chronic obstructive lung disease	NE	1.02 (0.32-3.30)
Chronic kidney disease	1.13 (0.38-3.32)	0.82 (0.37-1.83)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	2.11 (0.92-4.81)	1.55 (0.87-2.76)
Hepatitis B	3.36 (1.32-8.53)	1.68 (0.75-3.74)
Hepatitis C	0.81 (0.32-2.05)	1.28 (0.71-2.28)
Alcoholic liver disease	0.76 (0.22-2.55)	0.94 (0.44-2.01)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver	0.51 (0.15-1.73)	0.43 (0.18-1.02)
Current smoking	5.01 (2.15-11.7)	2.27 (1.13-4.56)
Current alcohol intake	0.68 (0.42-1.13)	0.93 (0.68-1.26)
Time varying variables
MELD score, per 5-points	1.28 (0.93-1.77)	1.82 (1.41-2.34)
NYHA functional class	1.14 (0.74-1.75)	1.09 (0.81-1.46)
TIPS procedure	0.37 (0.05-2.83)	0.13 (0.02-0.96)
Acute kidney injury	2.57 (1.13-5.88)	2.36 (1.35-4.11)
Thoracocentesis	0.51 (0.23-1.16)	1.28 (0.70-2.34)
Pneumothorax	2.37 (0.80-7.00)	2.78 (1.39-5.56)
Intercostal catheter inserted	1.56 (0.53-4.62)	1.85 (0.90-3.82)
Admission hepatic encephalopathy
None	1.00 (reference)	1.00 (reference)
Mild	0.75 (0.17-3.25)	1.21 (0.54-2.70)
Severe	11.4 (3.28-39.6)	7.93 (2.36-26.6)
Encephalopathy during admission2	2.30 (0.84-6.32)	3.20 (1.65-6.24)
Any encephalopathy	2.30 (0.97-5.45)	2.21 (1.22-4.03)

¹Censored at time of liver transplantation.

²New-onset during admission not present on admission, all episodes were mild.

HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; NE: Not estimable.