Machine learning predicts portal vein thrombosis after splenectomy in patients with portal hypertension: Comparative analysis of three practical models

Table 1 Detailed clinical characteristics of 483 patients with portal hypertension

Variable	Training cohort			Validation cohort
	Without PVT (n = 203)	PVT (n =135)	P value	Without PVT (n = 80)	PVT (n = 65)	P value
Sex, n (%)			0.312			0.86
Female	69 (34.0)	38 (28.1)		20 (25.0)	18 (27.7)
Male	134 (66.0)	97 (71.9)		60 (75.0)	47 (72.3)
Age, n (%)			0.179			0.999
< 60 yr	165 (81.3)	118 (87.4%)		71 (88.8)	58 (89.2)
≥ 60 yr	38 (18.7)	17 (12.6%)		9 (11.2)	7 (10.8)
Smoking, n (%)			0.703			0.983
No	167 (82.3)	108 (80.0)		64 (80.0)	51 (78.5)
Yes	36 (17.7)	27 (20.0)		16 (20.0)	14 (21.5)
Alcohol, n (%)			0.577			0.587
No	167 (82.3)	115 (85.2)		69 (86.2)	53 (81.5)
Yes	36 (17.7)	20 (14.8)		11 (13.8)	12 (18.5)
RBC1 (× 1012/L)	3.59 (3.20-3.93)	3.57 (3.21-3.90)	0.69	3.74 (3.49-4.02)	3.55 (3.22-3.93)	0.044
HLB1 (g/L)	89.3 (78.1-103)	93.2 (82.1-104)	0.093	89.5 (79.5-107)	91.1 (82.8-101)	0.965
WBC1 (× 109/L)	2.51 (1.83-3.40)	2.18 (1.48-2.87)	0.007	2.46 (1.95-3.21)	2.09 (1.58-2.92)	0.06
N1 (× 109/L)	1.35 (0.98-2.09)	1.27 (0.85-2.00)	0.177	1.38 (1.06-1.98)	1.15 (0.87-1.77)	0.147
L1 (× 109/L)	0.79 (0.56-1.14)	0.50 (0.38-0.79)	< 0.001	0.78 (0.51-1.11)	0.63 (0.45-0.91)	0.045
NLR1	1.78 (1.18-2.99)	2.43 (1.42-4.18)	0.003	1.90 (1.23-3.08)	2.16 (1.39-3.16)	0.559
PLT1 (× 109/L)	48.0 (36.0-64.5)	33.8 (26.0-47.9)	< 0.001	46.0 (32.1-57.0)	35.0 (27.0-48.0)	0.012
PLR1	60.6 (43.4-97.0)	72.5 (35.0-99.7)	0.779	55.6 (37.9-91.3)	58.8 (31.8-86.8)	0.692
PT1 (s)	15.5 (14.1-16.6)	15.3 (12.9-16.4)	0.221	15.7 (14.4-16.3)	15.3 (13.9-16.2)	0.294
PTA1 (%)	64.0 (57.0-73.5)	60.0 (50.0-69.0)	< 0.001	67.0 (57.0-73.0)	63.0 (54.0-72.0)	0.269
INR1	1.34 (1.23-1.47)	1.42 (1.29-1.62)	< 0.001	1.32 (1.23-1.50)	1.36 (1.23-1.50)	0.519
FIB1 (g/L)	2.35 (1.62-3.86)	2.52 (1.82-3.78)	0.269	2.29 (1.74-4.14)	2.57 (1.83-3.62)	0.764
APTT1 (s)	40.7 (37.5-44.8)	40.6 (36.9-44.9)	0.787	41.3 (37.9-44.3)	41.0 (38.5-44.1)	0.822
ALT1 (U/L)	22.0 (16.0-30.5)	21.0 (15.0-28.0)	0.578	25.5 (17.8-40.0)	18.0 (15.0-27.0)	0.007
AST1 (U/L)	29.0 (22.0-40.0)	25.0 (22.0-35.0)	0.021	30.5 (24.8-43.5)	25.0 (21.0-34.0)	0.009
ALB1 (g/L)	35.9 (32.7-39.5)	35.8 (32.6-39.5)	0.881	35.7 (33.1-38.3)	36.4 (33.7-39.6)	0.551
TBIL1 (μmol/L)	18.1 (12.4-24.6)	18.8 (12.4-27.0)	0.671	18.8 (13.6-24.6)	18.0 (14.4-26.1)	0.796
Child-Pugh grade, n (%)			0.644			0.999
A	146 (71.9)	101 (74.8)		58 (72.5)	48 (73.8)
B	57 (28.1)	34 (25.2)		22 (27.5)	17 (26.2)
EGV, n (%)			0.023			0.001
No	67 (33.0)	62 (45.9)		17 (21.2)	32 (49.2)
Yes	136 (67.0)	73 (54.1)		63 (78.8)	33 (50.8)
SPT1 (cm)	5.50 (4.60-6.40)	6.40 (5.40-7.55)	< 0.001	5.70 (4.45-6.70)	6.30 (5.30-7.30)	0.034
DPV1 (cm)	1.30 (1.10-1.40)	1.50 (1.25-1.70)	< 0.001	1.30 (1.10-1.50)	1.40 (1.20-1.60)	0.088
PBT, n (%)			0.126			0.023
No	159 (78.3)	95 (70.4)		67 (83.8)	43 (66.2)
Yes	44 (21.7)	40 (29.6)		13 (16.2)	22 (33.8)
De, n (%)			0.457			0.344
No	16 (7.88)	7 (5.19)		4 (5.00)	6 (9.23)
Yes	187 (92.1)	128 (94.8)		76 (95.0)	59 (90.8)
PLT11 (× 109/L)	79.0 (61.0-106)	79.0 (64.0-102)	0.866	74.0 (57.7-93.8)	77.0 (61.0-102)	0.418
PLT31 (× 109/L)	103 (78.5-158)	117 (85.0-164)	0.131	98.5 (75.5-140)	112 (81.0-156)	0.122
PPER11 (%)	0.59 (0.34-0.88)	1.18 (0.57-2.31)	< 0.001	0.70 (0.36-1.11)	0.87 (0.64-2.03)	0.002
PPER31 (%)	1.15 (0.62-2.02)	2.38 (1.52-3.87)	< 0.001	1.32 (0.79-2.04)	2.29 (1.36-3.54)	< 0.001

¹Continuous variables are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR).

PH: Portal hypertension; PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; RBC: Red blood cells; HLB: Hemoglobin; WBC: White blood cells; N: Neutrophil count; L: Lymphocyte count; NLR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLT: Platelet count; PLR: Platelet to lymphocyte ratio; PT: Prothrombin time; PTA: Prothrombin activity; INR: International normalized ratio; FIB: Fibrinogen; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; ALT: Alanine aminotransaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransaminase; ALB: Serum albumin; TBIL: Total serum bilirubin; EGV: Esophageal and gastric varices; SPT: Spleen thickness; DPV: Diameter of the portal vein; PBT: Preoperative blood transfusion; De: Devascularization; PLT1: Platelet count at postoperative day 1; PLT3: Platelet count at postoperative day 3; PPER1: Platelet elevation rate at postoperative day 1; PPER3: Platelet elevation rate at postoperative day 3.