Anti-tumour activity and toxicological studies of combination treatment of Orthosiphon stamineus and gemcitabine on pancreatic xenograft model

Table 5 Blood biochemical parameters and electrolyte profiles in different treatment groups

No.	Group	Creatinine, mmol/L	Urea,mmol/L	Uric acid, mmol/L	AKT, U/L	AST, U/L	ALT, U/L	GGT, U/L	Total protein, g/L	Albumin, g/L	Globulin, g/L	Albumin/ Globulin ratio	Total Bilirubin, µmol/L	Na	K	CL
1	Untreated	28.1 ± 1.5	8.80 ± 0.9	0.20 ± 0.0	96.0 ± 0.5	195 ± 0.7	73.0 ± 0.7	< 3.0 ± 0.0	50.0 ± 0.5	30.0 ± 1.1	23.0 ± 0.5	1.40 ± 0.3	< 2.0 ± 0.0	178 ± 0.3	8.00 ± 0.7	124 ± 1.1
2	Gemcitabine (10 mg/kg per 3 d)	28.0 ± 1.9	9.00 ± 1.1	0.16 ± 0.1	93.0 ± 1.1	190 ± 0.9	72.0 ± 0.9	< 3.0 ± 0.0	52.0 ± 1.2	32.0 ± 0.7	24.0 ± 0.7	1.40 ± 0.2	< 2.0 ± 0.0	173 ± 0.5	9.30 ± 0.4	123 ± 0.2
3	O.s (200 mg/kg per day)	29.0 ± 1.5	9.20 ± 1.3	0.19 ± 0.0	98.0 ± 1.2	201 ± 1.1	80.0 ± 1.1	< 3.0 ± 0.0	50.5 ± 0.7	33.0 ± 0.3	23.0 ± 0.7	1.30 ± 0.3	< 2.0 ± 0.0	174 ± 0.8	9.00 ± 0.8	128 ± 0.9
4	O.s (200 mg/kg per day) and gemcitabine (10 mg/kg per 3 d) combination	27.5 ± 1.1	9.50 ± 0.9	0.21 ± 0.1	101 ± 0.9	210 ± 0.7	77.0 ± 0.7	< 3.0 ± 0.0	51.3 ± 1.1	29.9 ± 0.9	22.5 ± 0.9	1.30 ± 0.2	< 2.0 ± 0.0	186 ± 0.9	8.60 ± 0.6	130 ± 1.1
5	O.s (400 mg/kg per day)	28.5 ± 0.9	8.80 ± 0.7	0.22 ± 0.1	101 ± 0.7	199 ± 0.9	66.0 ± 0.5	< 3.0 ± 0.0	51.9 ± 0.5	32.4 ± 0.8	25.0 ± 0.9	1.40 ± 0.2	< 2.0 ± 0.0	190 ± 0.4	10.0 ± 0.5	133 ± 0.9
6	O.s (400 mg/kg per day) and gemcitabine (10 mg/kg per 3 d) combination	27.0 ± 0.8	8.50 ± 1.3	0.21 ± 0.0	103 ± 0.8	190 ± 0.7	70.0 ± 0.9	< 3.0 ± 0.0	52.0 ± 0.7	30.5 ± 0.6	24.0 ± 0.7	1.40 ± 0.1	< 2.0 ± 0.0	185 ± 0.6	9.80 ± 0.9	123 ± 0.5

Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6). The P values in all treated groups were insignificant compared to the untreated group. No statistical difference was also observed among all treatment groups using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honest significant difference posthoc test. AKT: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; CL: Chloride; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; K: Potassium; Na: Sodium; O.s: Orthosiphon stamineus.