Duodenal-jejunal bypass reduces serum ceramides via inhibiting intestinal bile acid-farnesoid X receptor pathway

Figure 2 Luminal total and individual bile acid concentrations and ceramide concentrations within the peripheral and portal circulations. A: Total amount of luminal bile acids; B: Luminal individual bile acid percentage in the proximal; C: Medium segment within the common limb; D: Distal segment within the common limb; E: Ratio of farnesoid X receptor agonist and antagnist within the common limb; F: Peripheral serum ceramides; G: Portal serum ceramides. ^aP < 0.05, salicylhydroxamic acid vs duodenal-jejunal bypass + chenodeoxycholic acid; ^bP < 0.05, salicylhydroxamic acid vs duodenal-jejunal bypass; ^cP < 0.05, duodenal-jejunal bypass vs duodenal-jejunal bypass + chenodeoxycholic acid. FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; SHAM: Salicylhydroxamic acid; DJB: Duodenal-jejunal bypass; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; αMCA: α-muricholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; HDCA: Hyocholic acid; TLCA: Taurine-conjugated lithocholic acid.