Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting overall survival in cirrhotic patients with acute kidney injury

Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of cirrhotic patients with acute kidney injury

Variables	Total (n = 250)	Training cohort (n = 173)	Validation cohort (n = 77)	P value
Age (yr), mean ± SD	53.6 ± 13.3	53.3 ± 13.1	54.4 ± 13.7	0.554
Male, n (%)	190 (76.0)	127 (73.4)	63 (81.8)	0.199
Heart rates > 100 bpm, n (%)	58 (23.2)	36 (20.8)	22 (28.6)	0.120
MAP (mmHg), mean ± SD	87.8 ± 13.9	89.2 ± 13.7	84.5 ± 13.9	0.013
Duration of hospitalization (d), median (IQR)	16.0 (8.0-28.0)	16.0 (9.0-33.5)	16 (8.0-23.5)	0.180
Etiology of cirrhosis				> 0.05
Hepatitis B, n (%)	174 (69.6)	124 (71.7)	50 (64.9)
Alcoholic liver disease, n (%)	16 (6.4)	9 (5.2)	7 (9.1)
Hepatitis B and alcoholic, n (%)	20 (8.0)	14 (8.1)	6 (7.8)
Other, n (%)	40 (16.0)	24 (13.9)	14 (18.2)
Diabetes, n (%)	25 (10.0)	17 (9.8)	8 (10.4)	0.527
Ascites, n (%)	239 (95.6)	168 (97.1)	71 (92.2)	0.083
Infections, n (%)	62 (24.8)	42 (24.3)	20 (25.9)	0.445
HE, n (%)	93 (37.2)	68 (39.3)	25 (32.5)	0.187
ACLF, n (%)	152 (60.8)	111 (64.2)	41 (53.2)	0.068
Previous esophagogastric variceal bleeding, n (%)	57 (22.8)	40 (23.1)	17 (22.1)	0.497
UO (mL/kg/h), mean ± SD	0.61 ± 0.39	0.53 ± 0.38	0.61 ± 0.41	0.130
WBC count (109/L), mean ± SD	8.3 ± 6.2	8.0 ± 5.1	8.1 ± 6.8	0.853
Platelet count (109/L), median (IQR)	75.5 (48.0-123.7)	73.0 (47.5-124.0)	77.0 (48.0-124.5)	0.623
Albumin (g/L), mean ± SD	28.6 ± 5.4	29.1 ± 5.3	27.5 ± 5.4	0.029
Total bilirubin (mg/dL), mean ± SD	14.6 ± 10.8	15.4 ± 10.8	12.6 ± 10.7	0.060
AST (U/L), median (IQR)	127.5 (63.7-280.7)	130 (65.5-262.5)	118.0 (56.5-304.0)	0.842
ALT (U/L), median (IQR)	76.0 (32.7-203.5)	76.0 (37.0-206.0)	76.0 (30.0-204.0)	0.904
INR, mean ± SD	2.0 ± 0.8	2.0 ± 0.7	2.1 ± 0.9	0.361
Serum sodium (mmol/L), mean ± SD	132.9 ± 5.7	132.3 ± 6.2	133.9 ± 4.8	0.024
Admission SCr (mg/dL), (IQR)	1.17 (0.8-1.8)	1.17 (0.80-1.75)	1.26 (0.77-1.79)	0.897
Peak SCr > 1.5 mg/dL during hospitalization, n (%)	211 (84.4)	148 (85.5)	63 (81.8)	0.283
HDL (mmol/L), mean ± SD	0.34 ± 0.33	0.36 ± 0.33	0.37 ± 0.31	0.857
LDL (mmol/L), mean ± SD	1.2 ± 1.0	1.2 ± 0.9	1.1 ± 1.1	0.783
CTP score, mean ± SD	10.6 ± 1.8	10.7 ± 1.8	10.4 ± 1.9	0.396
MELD, mean ± SD	23.6 ± 8.8	24.0 ± 8.2	22.7 ± 9.9	0.304
MELD-Na, mean ± SD	29.0 ± 13.0	30.1 ± 12.7	26.5 ± 13.3	0.044
Mortality within 180 d, n (%)	191.0 (76.4)	130 (75.1)	61 (79.2)	0.298
Period of follow up (d), median (IQR)	35.0 (17.0-143.0)	38.0 (18.0-151.0)	32.0 (15.0-119.0)	0.512

MAP: Mean arterial pressure; IQR: Interquartile range; bpm: Beat per minute; SCr: Serum creatinine; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; INR: International normalized ratio; ACLF: Acute on chronic liver failure; WBC: White blood cell; UO: Urine output; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; MELD: The model for end-stage liver disease; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.