Probiotics and postbiotics in colorectal cancer: Prevention and complementary therapy

Table 4 Efficiency of postbiotics on cancer cells in vitro

Probiotic strain	Derived postbiotic	Cell line	Mechanism/effect(s)	Ref.
Lactobacilus casei ATCC334	CFS (ferrichrome)	Caco-2/bbe, SKCO-1, SW620	In CFS, ferrichrome subsequently identified as the responsible molecule that induced apoptosis via JNK-DDTI3 signaling axis, thus having tumor-suppressive effect and exerted minimal effect on normal intestinal epithelial cells	Konishi et al[70]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus MD 14 MH 656799	CFS (acetate, butyrate, propionate, acetamide, thiocyanic acid, and oxalic acid)	Caco-2, HT-29	CFS with metabolites exhibited both anti-genotoxic and cytotoxic potential against CRC cells	Sharma et al[71]
Bifidobacterium adolescentis SPM0212	CFS	Caco-2, HT-29, SW480	CFS significantly inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells	Kim et al[39]
Lactobacillus fermentum KCTC 3112	CFS	CCD18-Co, HCT-116, HT-29	Induction of cancer cells apoptosis by CFS up-regulating Caspase-3, Bax, Bak, Noxa, and Bid mRNA expressions	Lee et al[38]
Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 334), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG ATCC 53103)	CFS	HCT-116	Anti-metastatic effects of high molecular weight fractions	Escamilla et al[40]
Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334, Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55148, Saccharomyces boulardii ATCC MYA-796	CFS	HT-29	Downregulation of the expression of PGE-2 and IL-8 in cancer cells by metabolites of probiotics. CFS differently modulated IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 production by human macrophages, suggesting a peculiar anti-inflammatory activity	De Marco et al[48]
Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393	Sonicated-cell suspension	CT26, HT-29	Inhibition of cancer cells proliferation and induction of apoptosis	Tiptiri-Kourpeti et al[72]
Lactobacillus reuteri PTCC 1655	Sonicated-cell suspension	HT-29-ShE	Anti-metastatic and anti-proliferative effects	Maghsood et al[73]
Lactococcus lactis PTCC 1336	Nisin, cell wall, cytoplasmic extract of nisin	SW480	Anti-proliferative effects, associated with the decreased expression of cyclin D1 in SW480 cell line	Hosseini et al[74]
Pediococcus pentosaceus FP3, Lactobacillus salivarius FP25/FP35, Enterococcus faecium FP51	SCFAs (butyrate and propionate)	Caco-2	Significant proliferation inhibition of Caco-2 cells and activation of apoptosis	Thirabunyanon and Hongwittayakorn[75]
Streptomyces levis ABRIINW111	Extracted metabolites	SW480	SW480 growth inhibition, increased Caspase-3 and reduced Ki67 expression in a concentration/time-dependent manner; subG1 phase (apoptosis) increased by metabolites and cell cycle arrest in G1, G2/M and S phase; p53 gene expression followed SW480 cells treatment significantly	Faramarzian Azimi Maragheh et al[76]
Streptomyces sp. MUM256	MUM256 extract	HT-29, Caco-2	Antioxidant properties, cytotoxicity against CRC cells by reduction in viability and induction of apoptosis (depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and arrest in subG1 phase)	Tan et al[77]
Clostridium butyricum ATCC 19398	SCFAs	HCT-116, HCT-8, Caco-2	Suppression of the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway and modulation of the gut microbiota composition.	Chen et al[25]

CFS: Cell-free supernatant; CRC: Colorectal cancer; IL: Interleukin; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.