Tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Implications in immunotherapy

Table 4 Ongoing clinical trials with immunotherapy plus agents targeting the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Strategy	Treatment	Phase	Number	Cancer stage
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (target) + CAFs/CXCL12 targeted agents	Pembrolizumab(PD-1) + Olaptesed pegol	I/II	NCT03168139	Metastatic PDAC
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (target)+ CSF1R targeted agent	Durvalumab (PD-L1) + Pexidartinib	I	NCT02777710	Metastatic/Advanced PDAC
	Nivolumab (PD-1) + Cabiralizumab	I	NCT02526017	Advanced PDAC
	Nivolumab (PD-1) + Cabiralizumab + Gemcitabine	II	NCT03697564	Advanced PDAC (Stage IV)
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (target) + FAK targeted agent	Pembrolizumab(PD-1) + Defactinib	I/IIa	NCT02758587	Advanced PDAC
	Pembrolizumab(PD-1) + Defactinib + Gemcitabine	I	NCT02546531	Advanced PDAC
	Pembrolizumab (PD-1) + Defactinib	II	NCT03727880	Resectable PDAC

https://clinicaltrials.gov/. PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; CXCL12: CXC motif chemokine ligand 12; CSF1R: Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; FAK: Focal adhesion kinase.