Tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Implications in immunotherapy

doi:10.3748/wjg.v28.i27.3297

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2022; 28(27): 3297-3313
Published online Jul 21, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i27.3297

Table 1 Complete immune checkpoint inhibitor-based clinical trials in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Strategy	Treatment	Phase	Number	Cancer stage	Outcomes
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (target) monotherapy	Tremelimumab (CTLA-4)	II	NCT02527434	Advanced/metastatic PDAC	Tremelimumab monotherapy is ineffective for metastatic PDAC.
	Ipilimumab (CTLA-4)	II	NCT00112580	Advanced PDAC	Ipilimumab monotherapy is ineffective for advanced PDAC.
	Atezolizumab (PD-L1)	I/II	NCT03829501	Advanced PDAC	No results reported yet
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (target) + immune checkpoint inhibitor(target)	Tremelimumab (CTLA-4) + Durvalumab (PD-L1)	II	NCT02558894	Metastatic PDAC	ORR 3.1% for combination therapy. (ORR 0% for monotherapy).
	Nivolumab (PD-1) + Ipilimumab (CTLA-4)	I/II	NCT01928394	Advanced/metastatic PDAC	No results reported yet
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (target) + chemotherapy	Tremelimumab (CTLA-4) + Gemcitabine	I	NCT00556023	Advanced PDAC	Median OS 7.4 mo (95%CI: 5.8-9.4 mo)
	Ipilimumab(CTLA-4) + Gemcitabine	Ib	NCT01473940	Advanced/metastatic PDAC	Median OS 6.90 mo (95%CI: 2.63–9.57 mo)
	Pembrolizumab (PD-1) + Gemcitabine and Nab-paclitaxel	Ib/II	NCT02331251	Advanced/metastatic PDAC	Median OS 15.0 mo (95%CI: 6.8–22.6 mo)
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (Target) + Target therapy	Durvalumab (PD-L1) + Galunisertib	I	NCT02734160	Metastatic PDAC	Median PFS 1.9 mo (95%CI: 1.5-2.2 mo); median OS was NR (95%CI: 3.6 mo, NR)
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (Target) + Target therapy	Durvalumab (PD-L1) + Pexidartinib	I	NCT02777710	Advanced/metastatic PDAC	No results reported yet
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (Target) + Radiation Therapy	Tremelimumab (CTLA-4) + Durvalumab (PD-1) + SBRT	I/II	NCT02311361	Advanced/metastatic PDAC	ORR of 9.6% including 2 patients who achieved a durable partial response lasting over 12 mo

https://clinicaltrials.gov/. PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; ORR: Overall response rate; NR: Not reached.

Citation: Smith C, Zheng W, Dong J, Wang Y, Lai J, Liu X, Yin F. Tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Implications in immunotherapy. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(27): 3297-3313
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i27/3297.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i27.3297