Role of baicalin as a potential therapeutic agent in hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal disorders: A review

Figure 3 Mechanism of baicalin action against hepatobiliary diseases. Baicalin downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and activated the nuclear respiratory factor-2 antioxidant pathway to reduce oxidative stress in the hepatocytes. Baicalin suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression by downregulating the transforming growth factor-β/Smad pathway, inhibited the inhibitory κB (IKB) kinase/IKB/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway, reduced the elevated levels of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β, and attenuated the apoptotic proteins caspase-3, caspase-9, B-cell lymphoma 2, which led to the alleviation of liver diseases. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; PPAR-γ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; IL: Interleukin; Nrf2: Nuclear respiratory factor-2; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; IKK: Inhibitory κB kinase; IKB: Inhibitory κB.