Tumor microenvironment involvement in colorectal cancer progression via Wnt/β-catenin pathway: Providing understanding of the complex mechanisms of chemoresistance

Figure 4 Pharmacological targeting of the tumor microenvironment factors involved in the activation of β-catenin signaling in colorectal cancer. Several therapeutic strategies to block or inhibit the induction of the β-catenin pathway by tumor microenvironment factors in colorectal cancer (CRC) are currently under clinical study. This figure is original for this work. APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli; BMP: Bone morphogenic protein; CK1α: Casein kinase 1 alpha; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; GSK3β: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IL: Interleukin; PTHrP: Parathyroid Hormone-related Peptide; PG: prostaglandin; TCF/LEF: T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; Wnt: Wingless protein.