Role of baicalin as a potential therapeutic agent in hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal disorders: A review

Table 1 In vitro hepatoprotective effects of baicalin on different cell lines

Disease/type of study	Cell line	Dose	Mechanism/target pathways	Ref.
Palmitic acid-induced fatty liver	AML-12 hepatocytes	6.25-25 μM	ER stress↓; TXNIP/NLRP-3 pathway↓	[50]
Hypoxic liver injury	L02 human hepatocytes	100 μmol/L	Caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax↓	[58]
Acetaldehyde induced EMT	HepG2 cells	20-100 mmol/L	TGF-β/Smad pathway↓	[59]
ns-PEF induced liver injury	L02 hepatocytes	60 μM	MTP stabilization, ROS↓	[60]
Hemin-nitrite-H2O2 induced liver injury	HepG2 cells	5 μM and 25 μM	Lipid peroxidation↓; GSH depletion↓	[61]
PDGF-BB induced fibrosis	HSCT6 hepatocytes	150 μM	miR-3595↓; ACSL-4↑	[69]
BDL-induced fibrosis	HSCs	67.5-270 μM	Wnt pathway↓; PPAR-γ↓	[70]
LPS-induced hepatitis	L20, THLE cell lines	25-100 μM	TUG-1↑; p38-MAPK↓; JNK pathway↓	[82]
Viral hepatitis	HuH7, HepG2 cells	75 μg/mL	NF-κB pathway↓	[83]
	pHBV1.2HepG2 cells	10 μM	HNF-4α/HNF-1α↓	[84]
	HepG2.2.15 cells	10 μg/kg	HBsAg, HBeAg↓	[85]
	PBMCs	50-200 mg/mL	Mitochondrial pathway↑; Caspase 3↑	[87]
HCC	HepG2-HCC	100 μmol/L	ER-mediated TF-6↑; S-2P protein↑	[94]
	SMMC7721-HCC cells	160 μM	CD47↓	[95]
	SMMC7721, HepG2-HCC cells	40 μM	STAT3, IFN-γ↓; Block PDL-1/PD-1 pathway	[96,97]

ACSL-4: Long chain fatty acid CoA ligase 4; AML: Alpha mouse liver; BDL: Bile duct ligation; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; GSH: Reduced glutathione; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HSCs: Hepatic stellate cells; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MTP: Mitochondrial transmembrane potential; NLRP-3: Nod-like receptor protein 3; nsPEF: Nanosecond-pulse electric field; PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PDGF-BB: Platelet-derived growth factor BB; PPAR-γ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; THLE: Transformed human liver epithelial; TUG-1: Taurine upregulated-1; TXNIP: Thioredoxin-interacting protein.