Altered gut microbiota patterns in COVID-19: Markers for inflammation and disease severity

Figure 8 The figure illustrates normal gut microbiota and immunological consequences, and coronavirus disease 2019 related altered gut microbiota associated inflammation. A: Normal gut microbiota and immunological consequences for healthy gut; B: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related altered gut microbiota associated inflammation. The inflammatory condition in COVID-19 patients causes the abnormal release of different cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma. PSA: Polysaccharide A; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acid; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: Interleukin-6; GMCSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma.