Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: A minireview

Table 2 Studies comparing drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis

Ref.	a: Study population; b: Study period; c: Follow-up period	a: Definition of DIAIH/AIH; b: Causality tool assessment	No. of DIAIH cases, % of all AIH	No. of AIH cases	Key findings for DIAIH (in addition to Table 4)
Valgeirsson et al[14], 2019, Iceland	a: Population based AIH study, n = 71; b: 2006-2018; c: Median 4.8 yr	a: Simplified AIH score, if not fulfilled, Revised IAIHG score is used; or received corticosteroids; b: RUCAM score (highly probable, probable and possible)	13, 18% (9/13 had liver biopsy)	58	Culprit drugs: Biologics (77%) - 80% were due to infliximab; Nitrofurantoin (15%)
Martínez-Casas et al[34], 2018, Columbia	a: Single centre retrospective review of AIH cases, n = 190; b: 2010-2016; c: Mean 47.4 mo	a: Simplified AIH score; b: RUCAM	12, 6.3%	178	Culprit drugs: Nitrofurantoin (67%); NSAIDs (17%)
Wang et al[20], 2017, China	a: Single centre retrospective review of AIH and DILI patients; b: 2010-2014; c: NA	a: DILI with positive antibody; simplified AIH score; b: NA (DILI due to drugs/CAM within 6 mo of hospitalization)	18 (12.4% of all DILI with positive antibody)	52	Culprit drugs: CAM, NSAIDs and antibiotics (no breakdown)
Yeong et al[32], 2016, United Kingdom	a: Single centre retrospective AIH cases, n = 82; b: 2005-2013; c: Median 86.3 mo (14.6% < 18 mo)	a: Revised IAIHG criteria; b: RUCAM (highly probable, probable)	11, 13.4%	71	Culprit drugs: Nitrofurantoin (36.4%); Statins (36.4%); CAM (18%)
Weber et al[21], 2019, Germany	a: Single centre cohort of 288 acute liver injury patients who received corticosteroid for DILI/AIH, n = 44; b: 2013-2018; c: Median 19 mo in DILI; 23 mo in AIH	a: Simplified AIH score and revised IAIHG criteria; b: RUCAM	22	22	Culprit drugs: NSAIDs (27.3%); Statins (9%); Direct oral anticoagulants (9%)
Björnsson et al[13], 2010, United States	a: Single centre retrospective review of all AIH cases, n = 261; b: 1997-2007	a: Simplified AIH score	24, 9.2% (24/261)	237	Culprit drugs: Minocycline (45.8%); Nitrofurantoin (45.8%)

DIAIH: Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis; DILI: Drug-induced liver injury; RUCAM: The Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Model; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; IAIHG: International AIH Group; CAM: Complementary alternative medicines.