Intermittent hypoxia is involved in gut microbial dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome

Figure 5 Amplicon sequence variants contributing to the changes in the gut microbiota in groups healthy control, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and type 2 diabetes mellitus plus obstructive sleep apnea. A: The heatmap shows the relative abundance of the 46 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) significantly different in the three groups. The fold ratio (log2-transformed) indicated the relative abundance of the 46 ASVs between the two different groups [P1: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) + obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) vs T2DM; P2: T2DM + OSA vs healthy control (HC); P3: HC vs T2DM]. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. Significant difference shown by the Mann–Whitney U test; B: With the increase in disease components, six key ASVs showed increasing or decreasing trends. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01.