Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular pathways to the role of clinical surveillance and antiviral treatment

Figure 2 Molecular pathways in hepatitis C virus carcinogenesis. Created with BioRender.com. HCV: Hepatitis C virus; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; WNT: Wingless-related integration site; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: AKT serine/threonine kinase; RAS: Rat sarcoma virus gene; RAF: Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Smad3: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; NS5A: Non-structural protein 5A; NF-kB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RIG1: Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases; NANOG: Nanog homeobox; ATM: Ataxia telangiectasia mutated; RB: Retinoblastoma; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; DNMT1: DNA methyltransferase 1; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; DLC: Deleted in liver cancer; CK1/2: Casein kinase 1/2; GSK: Glycogen synthase kinase.