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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Gastroenterol. Jun 7, 2022; 28(21): 2251-2281
Published online Jun 7, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i21.2251
Published online Jun 7, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i21.2251
Table 5 Molecular pathways of hepatocellular carcinoma carcinogenesis in hepatitis D virus infected patients
Cell cycle deregulation via signal pathways |
L-HDAg - Smad 3 activation - TGFβ upregulation - cells growth and dedifferentiation |
L-HDAg - antagonizes c-Jun inhibitory effect over TGFβ - TGFβ upregulation - cells growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
L-HDAg - TNF-α stimulation - NF-κB activation - inflammation and proliferation |
L-HDAg - activates STAT3 downstream protein - JAK/STAT pathway activation - cell growth |
L-HDAg - stimulates c-Fos activation - cells growth and dedifferentiation |
L-HDAg - downregulates GSTP1 - tumor oncosuppressor inhibition |
Oxidative stress |
L-HDAg - NF-κB and STAT3 activation - ROS production - DNA damage |
L-HDAg - activates promoters of GRP78 and GRP94 - ROS production - DNA damage |
L-HDAg - activates TGFβ1 - Nox4 activity - ROS production - DNA damage |
S-HDAg and L-HDAg - increase in TRAF2 - inflammation and ROS production |
S-HDAg and L-HDAg - bind to SRE - targeting proinflammatory genes - inflammation and ROS production |
Epigenetic mechanisms |
S-HDAg and L-HDAg - increased activity of histone acetyltransferases and CBP - histone H3 acetylation of clusterin promoter - increased clusterin expression - prolonged cell survival |
S-HDAg - stimulates Histone H1e acetylation - clusterin promoter activation - prolonged cell survival |
HDV - DNMT1 and 3b increased activity - tumor suppressor inhibition |
S-HDAg and L-HDAg - hypermethylation of E2F1 promoter - cell cycle dysregulation |
- Citation: Stella L, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, Pompili M, Ponziani FR. Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular pathways to the role of clinical surveillance and antiviral treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(21): 2251-2281
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i21/2251.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i21.2251