Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular pathways to the role of clinical surveillance and antiviral treatment

doi:10.3748/wjg.v28.i21.2251

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Jun 7, 2022 (publication date) through Jan 10, 2025

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Jun 7, 2022; 28(21): 2251-2281
Published online Jun 7, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i21.2251

Table 2 Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma development[6,181-183]

Risk factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (other than liver cirrhosis)		OR (95%CI)
Strong risk factors (OR > 10)	Europe
	Untreated chronic HBV/HCV hepatitis	191.0
	Untreated chronic HCV hepatitis	31.2
	Untreated chronic HBV hepatitis	18.8
	East Asia and Africa
	Untreated chronic HBV/HCV hepatitis	75.6
	Untreated chronic HBV hepatitis	20.8
	Untreated chronic HCV hepatitis	11.5
Moderate risk factors (OR = 2-10)	Aflatoxin B1 exposure	5.9
	Untreated chronic HDV infection	3.9
	Diabetes	3.2
	Asian race	3.2
	Male gender	2.8
	Alcohol intake	2.3
	Severe iron overload	2.1
Weak risk factors (OR < 2)	Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m²)	1.9
	Mild iron overload	1.6
	Current smoking	1.6
	HCV genotype 1b	1.6
	PNPLA3 rs738409 single nucleotide polymorphism	1.4

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HDV: Hepatitis D virus; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index.

Citation: Stella L, Santopaolo F, Gasbarrini A, Pompili M, Ponziani FR. Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular pathways to the role of clinical surveillance and antiviral treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(21): 2251-2281
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i21/2251.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i21.2251