Multiple subcellular localizations and functions of protein kinase Cδ in liver cancer

Figure 3 Multi-localization and functional diversity of protein kinase Cδ. Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) resides at various locations, including the cytosol, nucleus, estrogen receptor (ER), mitochondria, Golgi, extracellular space, and plasma membrane (inside and outside the cell). At each location, PKCδ acts as an apoptotic or survival factor in response to various stimuli, such as genotoxic stresses, phorbol ester, DNA damage, ER stress, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. PKCδ: Protein kinase Cδ; ER: Estrogen receptor; PM: Plasma membrane.