Multiple subcellular localizations and functions of protein kinase Cδ in liver cancer

Figure 2 Extracellular protein kinase Cδ shows oncogenic property in liver cancer. Model of the proliferative regulation of extracellular protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) in liver cancer cells. PKCδ is secreted from living cells and resides at the plasma membrane through its association with glypican 3, leading to an increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor activation and enhancement of subsequent proliferative signaling to increase cell growth. PKCδ: Protein kinase Cδ; GPC3: Glypican 3; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IGF1R: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor.