Multiple subcellular localizations and functions of protein kinase Cδ in liver cancer

Table 1 The relationship between subcellular localizations and functions of protein kinase Cδ in liver cancer

Response	Localization	Function	Mechanisms	Ref.
ANXA3 expression	Cytosol/plasma membrane	Interacts with PKCδ and inhibits apoptosis	p38MAPK activation	[30]
ROS	Nucleus	Activates PKCδ and induces apoptosis	Activates caspase 3 and induces cleavage of PKCδ	[31]
Claudin-1	Cytosol/plasma membrane	Enhances the ability of cell migration/invasion	Induces c-Abl-PKCδ signaling	[33]
mtROS	Plasma membrane	Induces gene expression for cell migration	Triggers oxidation of HSP60 and then induces MAPK activation	[34]
HIF-2α expression	Cytosol/plasma membrane	Induces cell migration	Phosphorylates PKCδ at Tyr311	[35]
HSP27 expression	Cytosol/plasma membrane	Inversely correlates with tumor malignancy	p38MAPK activation by PKCδ induces phosphorylation of HSP27	[36]
No response	Extracellular space/cell surface	Enhances cell proliferation	Activates MAPK signaling	[9]

mtROS: Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; ANXA3: Annexin A3; PKCδ: Protein kinase Cδ; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; HSP: Heat shock protein.