Gut microbiota in various childhood disorders: Implication and indications

Table 2 The diseases-associated dysbiosis and the proposed probiotics

The disease	Encountered dysbiosis	The proposed probiotics
Autism[57,58]	Mother have abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acinetobacter, & Moraxellaceae. Children have more clostridial species, non-spore-forming anaerobes, and microaerophilic bacteria	No suggested type yet
Malnutrition[60]	Less Bifidobacteria. More pathogenic microbes (Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium mortiferum, & Streptococcus spp.)	The lack of strong evidence for specific types of probiotics
Obesity[75-78]	Less bifidobacteria. More Bacteroides & Staphylococcus spp.	Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus GG
Infant colic[85-87]	More abundance of Proteobacteria. Less abundance of the genera Lactobacillus & Bifidobacterium. Reduced gut bacterial diversity	Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 in breastfeeding infants
Functional abdominal pain[90,91]	More Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Veillonella, & Parasporo bacterium. Less Verrucomicrobium & Bifidobacterium	Sporobacter & Subdoligranulum
Functional constipation[94,95]	More Prevotella. More butyrate-producing bacteria as Roseburia, Coprococcus, & Faecalibacterium	Still investigational
Necrotizing enterocolitis[98,99]	More Citrobacter koseri and/or Klebsiella pneumoniae. Reduced diversity. Less Lactobacillus abundance	Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus
Helicobacter pylori infection[102,106,107]	Prevotella, Clostridium, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Less Bacteroides	Saccharomyces boulardii, L. acidophilus, L. casei DN-114001, L. gasseri, and Bifidobacterium infantis 2036 and Lactobacillus reuteri Gastrus
Coeliac disease[109,114-116]	Reduced Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria ratio. Less Bifidobacterium, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium. lituseburense and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. More Bacteroides-Prevotella group. Less IgA coating the Bacteroides-Prevotella group	Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobactera breve & Longum, and Lactobacilli strains (L. ruminis, L. Johndoni, L. amylovorus, L. salivaris)
Inflammatory bowel diseases[122,126-128]	Less abundance of the healthy commensal (such as Clostridium IXa and IV groups, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria). More abundance of the pathogenic bacteria as sulphate-reducing Escherichia coli	Still controversial. Saccharomyces boulardi. Escherichia coli Nissle1917, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus
Cystic fibrosis[135-137]	Aberrant colonization of gut and respiratory microbiota due to altered intestinal & airway microenvironment	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG & Lactobacillus reuteri
Allergic rhinitis[140,142-144]	Decrease gut bacterial diversity	Lactobacillus paracasei. Bifidobacteria mixture
Bronchial asthma[147]	Relative abundance of the bacterial genera Rothia, Veillonella, Lachnospira, & Faecalibacterium. Low total & gut microbial diversity	Still controversial
Atopic dermatitis[154-157]	Reduced microbial diversity. More abundance of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia. Presence of Clostridioides difficile. More Bifidobacteria abundance. Lower lactobacilli abundance	Topical Roseomonas mucosa
Psoriasis[160,161,163,164]	More bacterial diversity & heterogeneity. More Staphylococcus aureus. Less Staphylococcus epidermidis & Propionibacterium acnes. Reduced microbiota stability. Variable topographic dysbiosis	Sill controversial. Oral Lactobacillus, one sachet thrice daily with biotin
Systemic lupus erythematosus[166,168]	Less microbiota abundance and diversity	Animal studies showed Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 (LC40)
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis[172,174]	Less Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii abundance. More Bifidobacterium abundance, mostly B. adolescentis	Not conclusive. Trial with Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve, Streptococcus thermophile & Bifidobacterium longum
Dental caries[176,178,179]	More abundance of Prevotella melaninogenica, Leptotrichia shahii, Leptotrichia HOT 498, Veillonella dispar, and Streptococcus mutans	Insufficient evidence. Lactobacillus rhamnosus may help
Chronic congestive heart failure[180,184,187,189]	Decreased gut microbiota diversity. More pathogenic Microbes as Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella, Shigella & candida. Low Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae	Bifidobacteria, yeasts, and lactic acid-producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1. Saccharomyces boulardii