Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition target dysbiosis to treat fatty liver in obese mice

Figure 6 Liver gene expression. A: Cd206; B: IL-10; C: Nlrp3; D: IL-13. Brown-Forsythe and Welch one-way ANOVA and Dunnett T3 post hoc test (mean ± SD, n = 5 or 6). Significant differences are indicated as follows: ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001; ^dP < 0.0001. C: Control diet; HF: High-fat diet; HFA: High-fat diet plus PPAR-alpha agonist (WY14643); HFL: High-fat diet plus DPP-4 inhibitor (linagliptin); HFC: High-fat diet plus the combination of WY14643 with linagliptin.