Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activation and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition target dysbiosis to treat fatty liver in obese mice

Figure 4 Gut gene expression, histology, and stereology. A: Gut Mucin2; B: Zo-1; C: Occludin gene expression; D: Large intestine stained with Alcian Blue and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS); E: Numerical density of goblet cells per area. Alcian blue and PAS stain glycoproteins produced by goblet cells (scale bar = 40 μm), which were markedly reduced by the high-fat diet and rescued by the treatments according to stereology (Q_A goblet). Brown-Forsythe and Welch one-way ANOVA and Dunnett T3 post hoc test (mean ± SD, n = 6 for real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and n = 5 for stereology). Significant differences are indicated as follows: ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001; ^dP < 0.0001. C: Control diet; HF: High-fat diet; HFA: High-fat diet plus PPAR-alpha agonist (WY14643); HFL: High-fat diet plus DPP-4 inhibitor (linagliptin); HFC: High-fat diet plus the combination of WY14643 with linagliptin; PAS: Periodic Acid-Schiff; Q_A: Numerical density per area.