Association of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus with overweight/obesity and fatty liver risk in offspring

Table 3 Characteristics of mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus and their offspring at follow-up

Variables	Mother without GDM (n = 382)	Mother with GDM (n = 48)	P value
Maternal characteristics
Age, yr	29.25 ± 5.1	29.98 ± 3.17	0.172
Height, cm	163.12 ± 17.48	162.02 ± 4.96	0.336
Weight, kg	56.16 ± 9.65	61 ± 9.47	0.001
BMI, kg/m2	21.33 ± 3.59	23.22 ± 3.28	0.000
Obesity, n (%)	42 (11.0)	20 (41.7)	0.000
Children characteristics
Birth weight, kg	3.41 ± 0.45	3.37 ± 0.61	0.653
Boy, n (%)	186 (49.1)	25 (52.1)	0.699
Height, cm	122.19 ± 30.67	125.07 ± 25.75	0.597
Weight, kg	25.13 ± 10.28	29.15 ± 10.38	0.058
BMI, kg/m2	15.74 ± 4.43	17.72 ± 3.94	0.024
Waist circumference, cm	58.2 ± 10.79	61.39 ± 10.23	0.148
Hip circumference, cm	68.15 ± 13.73	73.83 ± 7.94	0.003
Chest circumference, cm	54.38 ± 21.03	64.48 ± 7.96	0.000
Waist-height ratio	0.46 ± 0.05	0.47 ± 0.07	0.202
Waist-hip ratio	0.85 ± 0.08	0.83 ± 0.07	0.265
Chest-height ratio	0.43 ± 0.15	0.49 ± 0.05	0.024
CAP, dB/m	166.49 ± 45.65	187.26 ± 50.59	0.029
LSM, kPa	3.36 ± 0.75	3.53 ± 0.77	0.303
Overweight, n (%)	25 (6.5)	12 (25.0)	0.000
Obesity, n (%)	10 (2.6)	4 (8.3)	0.000
Fatty liver, n (%)	48 (12.6)	12 (25.0)	0.073

BMI: Body max index; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; CAP: Controlled attenuation parameter; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement.