Association of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus with overweight/obesity and fatty liver risk in offspring

Table 1 Characteristics of mothers and their offspring stratified into groups based on maternal body mass index quartiles at follow-up

Variables	All (n = 430)	Quartiles of maternal BMI (kg/m2)
		Q1 (n = 108): 15.00-19.13	Q2 (n = 105): 19.14-20.76	Q3 (n = 115): 20.77-23.44	Q4 (n = 102): 23.45-42.00	P value
Maternal characteristics
Age, yr	29.33 ± 4.89	29.21 ± 4.59	28.97 ± 3.14	29.59 ± 3.73	29.44 ± 7.36	0.805
Height, cm	162.97 ± 16.46	162.77 ± 5.09	161.84 ± 4.93	161.61 ± 4.29	162.26 ± 6.18	0.358
Weight, kg	56.73 ± 9.77	47.48 ± 3.45	52.21 ± 3.53	57.76 ± 3.53	69.9 ± 9.1	0.000
BMI, kg/m2	21.55 ± 3.59	17.92 ± 0.97	19.91 ± 0.43	22.1 ± 0.79	26.57 ± 3.3	0.000
GDM, n (%)	48 (11.2)	6 (5.6)	8 (7.6)	11 (9.6)	23 (22.5)	0.000
Offspring characteristics
Birth weight, kg	3.40 ± 0.48	3.33 ± 0.42	3.34 ± 0.39	3.42 ± 0.55	3.51 ± 0.51	0.021
Boy, n (%)	210 (48.8)	47 (43.5)	53 (50.5)	53 (46.1)	57 (55.9)	0.304
Height, cm	122.78 ± 29.93	121.59 ± 31.31	129.03 ± 4.91	118.81 ± 36.96	123.35 ± 31.01	0.242
Weight, kg	25.58 ± 10.57	22.98 ± 8.83	26.37 ± 7.8	25.18 ± 10.25	28.15 ± 13.12	0.070
BMI, kg/m2	15.89 ± 4.42	14.58 ± 3.81	15.70 ± 4.00	16.20 ± 3.69	17.25 ± 5.81	0.025
Waist circumference, cm	58.70 ± 10.79	54.33 ± 12.76	58.33 ± 7.08	59.15 ± 9.32	63.13 ± 9.42	0.000
Hip circumference, cm	69.04 ± 13.73	65.3 ± 14.55	69.17 ± 13.47	69.39 ± 7.36	72.14 ± 13.39	0.041
Chest circumference, cm	56.19 ± 21.03	49.79 ± 22.55	53.44 ± 22.62	56.72 ± 16.15	63.41 ± 14.73	0.003
Waist-height ratio	0.46 ± 0.05	0.44 ± 0.05	0.45 ± 0.05	0.46 ± 0.04	0.48 ± 0.06	0.000
Waist-hip ratio	0.84 ± 0.08	0.83 ± 0.06	0.84 ± 0.07	0.84 ± 0.06	0.86 ± 0.12	0.292
Chest-height ratio	0.44 ± 0.14	0.4 ± 0.16	0.44 ± 0.12	0.41 ± 0.17	0.48 ± 0.11	0.023
CAP, dB/m	167.71 ± 46.09	151.76 ± 37.01	164.33 ± 41.45	169.97 ± 40.76	188.38 ± 58.89	0.001
LSM, kPa	3.36 ± 0.75	3.31 ± 0.8	3.52 ± 0.8	3.35 ± 0.73	3.4 ± 0.71	0.480
Overweight, n (%)	37 (8.6)	4 (3.7)	7 (6.7)	5 (4.4)	21 (20.6)	0.000
Obesity, n (%)	14 (3.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (1.7)	12 (11.8)	0.000
Fatty liver, n (%)	60 (14.0)	2 (1.9)	10 (9.5)	19 (16.5)	29 (28.4)	0.001

BMI: Body max index; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; CAP: Controlled attenuation parameter; LSM: Liver stiffness measurement.