Spinal anesthesia alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota

Figure 5 Cohousing alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: A normal control group (n = 3), a no-cohousing dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) group (n = 3), a cohousing DSS group (n = 3), and a cohousing lidocaine + DSS group (n = 3). The DSS group and lidocaine + DSS group were treated with DSS. The cohousing DSS group and the cohousing lidocaine group were transferred to fresh cages. A: Diagram of experimental design; B: Relative abundance plots showing community variation in various groups; C: Alpha diversity calculated using Chao1 index (richness), Shannon index (diversity), and Ace index; D: Abundance of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes in different groups; E: Colon length; F: Intestinal permeability compared between cohousing DSS mice (n = 6) and no-cohousing DSS mice (n = 6); G: Body weight; H: Disease activity index compared between cohousing DSS mice (n = 6) and no-cohousing DSS mice (n = 6). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA between different groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01. Statistical significance and variance of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity data were assessed using PERMANOVA; alpha diversity data are represented as the mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was assessed using t tests. n = 3 mice per group. 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; DSS: Dextran sodium sulfate.