Spinal anesthesia alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota

Figure 4 Spinal anesthesia changes the intestinal microflora. A: Cladograms (family level) of the intestinal microflora in different groups; B: Differentiating taxa (family level) of the intestinal microflora in different groups; C: Chao1 index (richness); D: Shannon index (diversity); E: Ace index; F: PCoA plots revealing specific bacterial alterations in different groups; G: Relative abundance plots showing community variation in various groups; H: Abundance of Bacteroidetes in different groups; I: Abundance of Verrucomicrobia in different groups; J: Abundance of Proteobacteria in different groups; K: Abundance of Firmicutes in different groups. Statistical significance and variance of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity data were assessed using PERMANOVA; alpha diversity data are represented as the mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was assessed using t tests. n = 3 mice per group. P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA between different groups. ^aP < 0.01, saline + DSS vs lidocaine + DSS; ^bP < 0.01, control vs saline + DSS. 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; DSS: Dextran sodium sulfate.