Spinal anesthesia alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota

Figure 2 Spinal anesthesia relieves intestinal inflammation activated by dextran sodium sulfate. A-C: Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); D-F: The mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; G: Expression of CD4 detected using immunohistochemistry; H: Quantitation of the immunohistochemistry result; I: Proportion of CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ Tregs analyzed by flow cytometry; J: Serum level of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein determined by ELISA; Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA between different groups. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01. 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; DSS: Dextran sodium sulfate; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase.