Spinal anesthesia alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis by modulating the gut microbiota

Figure 1 Spinal anesthesia alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. A: Diagram of experimental design; B: Body weight; C: Disease activity index. Each group was evaluated daily (n = 10); D: Colon length of each group measured at the end of the experiment (n = 10); E: Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin staining; F: Inflammation index quantitation; G: Transmission electron microscopy. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. P-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA between different groups. ^aP < 0.05, control vs saline + DSS; ^bP < 0.01, control vs saline + DSS; ^cP < 0.01, saline + DSS vs lidocaine + DSS; ^dP < 0.01, saline + DSS vs 5-ASA + DSS; ^eP < 0.05, lidocaine + DSS vs 5-ASA + DSS. 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid; DSS: Dextran sodium sulfate.