Digestive system involvement and clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort study from Qatar

Table 4 Clinical outcomes and treatment in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with and without gastrointestinal symptoms, n (%)

	Total	With GI symptoms n = 163	Without GI symptoms n = 438	P value
Outcomes
ICU admission	260 (43.55)	78 (48.45)	182 (41.74)	0.143
ARDS	206 (34.30)	61 (38.12)	145 (33.30)	0.268
Shock	130 (21.60)	40 (25.00)	90 (20.64)	0.254
MOF	48 (8.00)	15 (9.32)	33 (7.59)	0.491
ALF	7 (1.20)	1 (0.62)	6 (1.38)	0.447
MV	185 (30.80)	55 (34.80)	130 (29.90)	0.252
ECMO	4 (0.70)	1 (0.62)	3 (0.69)	0.929
CRRT	29 (4.80)	6 (3.73)	23 (5.28)	0.610
Death	34 (5.70)	10 (6.21)	24 (5.50)	0.741
LOS (d)	15 (8-21)	15 (10-22)	14 (7-21)	0.036a
Treatment
Azithromycin	538 (90.12)	151 (93.80)	387 (88.80)	0.068
HCQ	540 (90.45)	150 (93.20)	390 (89.40)	0.170
Chloroquine	38 (6.30)	7 (4.35)	31 (7.11)	0.388
Antibiotics	493 (82.6)	149 (92.6)	344 (78.9)	< 0.001a
Steroids	248 (41.61)	67 (41.60)	181 (41.60)	0.831
IFN	62 (10.30)	21 (13.04)	41 (9.43)	0.368
RBV	91 (15.10)	31 (19.25)	60 (13.80)	0.097
Tocilizumab	236 (39.50)	66 (40.99)	170 (38.99)	0.657
Lopinavir/ritonavir	340 (56.6)	96 (59.6)	244 (56.0)	0.422
Oseltamivir	510 (85.43)	139 (86.30)	371 (85.09)	0.702
Darunavir	48 (8.0)	14 (8.7)	34 (7.8)	0.782
Treatment groups
Group 1	524 (87.2)	150 (92.0)	374 (85.4)	0.039a
Group 2	431 (71.7)	128 (78.5)	303 (69.2)	0.025a
Group 3	307 (51.1)	88 (54.0)	219 (50.0)	0.409
Group 4	181 (30.1)	50 (30.7)	131 (29.9)	0.920
Group 5	61 (10.1)	22 (13.5)	39 (8.9)	0.128
Group 6	56 (9.3)	20 (12.3)	36 (8.2)	0.155

^aStatistically significant P value.

Group 1: Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin; Group 2: Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin + Oseltamivir + Antibiotics; Group 3: Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin + Oseltamivir + Antibiotics + Lopinavir/ritonavir; Group 4: Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin + Oseltamivir + Antibiotics + Lopinavir/ritonavir + Steroids; Group 5: Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin + Oseltamivir + Antibiotics + Lopinavir/ritonavir + Steroids + Interferon/ribavirin; Group 6: Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin + Oseltamivir + Antibiotics + Lopinavir/ritonavir + Steroids + Interferon/ribavirin + Tocilizumab.

ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; MOF: Multiorgan failure; ALF: Acute liver failure; MV: Mechanical ventilation; ECMO: Extra-corporal membrane oxygenation; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; LOS: Length of stay; HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine; IFN: Interferon; RBV: Ribavirin; GI: Gastrointestinal; ICU: Intensive care unit.