Digestive system involvement and clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort study from Qatar

Table 3 Laboratory and radiological findings of coronavirus disease 2019 patients with and without gastrointestinal symptoms, n (%)

Parameters	Total	With GI symptoms (n = 163)	Without GI symptoms (n = 438)	P value
Hematological parameters
Hemoglobin gm/dL	14.0 (12.7-15.0)	13.9 (12.7-15.0)	14.0 (12.7-15.1)	0.590
Hematocrit	42.1 (39.0-45.2)	42.0 (38.7-45.0)	42.3 (39.1-45.3)	0.010
WBC (103/L)	6.3 (4.9-8.6)	6.2 (4.6-8.6)	6.4 (5.0-8.5)	0.595
Neutrophils (103/L)	4.3 (3.1-6.6)	4.4 (2.9-6.5)	4.3 (3.1-6.6)	0.617
Lymphocytes (103/L)	1.2 (0.8-1.6)	1.1 (0.8-1.6)	1.2 (0.8-1.6)	0.987
Eosinophils (103/L)	0 (0-0.02)	0 (0-0)	0 (0-0.05)	0.643
Monocytes (103/L)	0.4 (0.3-0.6)	0.4 (0.3-0.6)	0.4 (0.3-0.6)	0.919
Platelets (103/L)	211 (169-261)	202 (155-257)	215 (170-261)	0.961
Coagulation function
INR	1.1 (1.0-1.2)	1.1 (1.0-1.2)	1.1 (1.0-1.2)	0.486
Blood biochemistry
BUN (mmol/L)	4.0 (3.0-5.3)	3.8 (2.4-5.2)	4.1 (3.1-5.3)	0.758
Creatinine (mol/L)	85 (70-102)	86 (69-101)	84 (70-103)	0.407
Sodium (mmol/L)	136 (133-138)	135 (132-137)	136 (133-138)	0.225
ALT (U/L)	32 (22-51)	34 (22-56)	32 (22-49)	0.043a
AST (U/L)	37 (25-59)	42 (28-69)	36 (24-55)	0.116
ALK-P (U/L)	70 (57-88)	71 (58-88)	70 (57-89)	0.199
Bilirubin (mol/L)	9 (6-12)	8 (7-12)	9 (6-12)	0.438
Albumin (gm/L)	36 (31-39)	35 (30-38)	36 (32-39)	0.058
Glucose (mmol/L)	6.6 (5.4-9.0)	6.7 (5.5-9.0)	6.6 (5.4-9.0)	0.708
Lactate (mmol/L)	1.3 (1.0-1.8)	1.4 (1.1-1.9)	1.2 (1.1-1.8)	0.297
CK (U/L)	218 (72-481)	147 (84-518)	237 (68-477)	0.455
Amylase (U/L)	48 (25-124)	47 (23-119)	47 (28-109)	0.604
Lipase (U/L)	55 (35-129)	56 (35-152)	54 (36-103)	0.648
Troponin-T (ng/L)	10 (6-26)	10 (6-17)	11 (6-26)	0.296
LDH (U/L)	436 (305-559)	446 (337-578)	435 (302-547)	0.167
Infection-related biomarkers
CRP (mg/L)	55.3 (16.0-113.7)	55.5 (24.9-113.7)	55.3 (13.2-113.7)	0.614
Procalcitonin (ng/ml)	0.21 (0.10-0.68)	0.21 (0.10-0.50)	0.21 (0.10-0.70)	0.789
Ferritin (g/L)	659 (327-1229)	805 (450-1475)	618 (289-1154)	0.561
Liver injury at admission				0.059
None	272 (45.87)	65 (40.37)	207 (47.92)
Abnormality < 2 × ULN	218 (36.76)	61 (37.89)	157 (36.34)
Mild	85 (14.33)	30 (18.63)	55 (12.73)
Moderate	15 (2.53)	5 (3.11)	10 (2.31)
Severe	2 (0.34)	0 (0.00)	2 (0.46)
Liver injury during hospitalization				0.302
None	107 (19.60)	26 (16.56)	81 (20.88)
Abnormality < 2 × ULN	163 (29.91)	51 (32.48)	112 (28.87)
Mild 2-5 ×	171 (31.40)	44 (28.03)	127 (32.73)
Moderate 5-10 ×	63 (11.56)	21 (13.38)	42 (10.82)
Severe > 10 ×	41 (7.52)	15 (9.55)	26 (6.70)
Radiological findings
X-ray chest				0.286
Not done	2 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.5)
Normal	141 (23.5)	35 (21.6)	107 (24.3)
Unilateral PNA	100 (16.6)	24 (14.8)	76 (17.2)
Bilateral PNA	328 (54.6)	96 (59.3)	232 (52.6)
Ground glass	29 (4.8)	7 (4.3)	22 (5.0)

WBC: White blood cells; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; INR: International normalized ratio; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALK-P: Alkaline phosphatase; CK: Creatine Kinase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; ULN: Upper limit of normal; PNA: Pneumonia; GI: Gastrointestinal.