Hepatic and gastrointestinal disturbances in Egyptian patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019: A multicentre cohort study

doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6951

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Oct 28, 2021; 27(40): 6951-6966
Published online Oct 28, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6951

Table 7 Features of patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations, n (%)

Variable		Respiratory, n = 369 (86.02)	Respiratory and GIT, n = 60 (13.98)	Total	P value
Age	< 18	2 (0.5)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.5)	0.12
	18:60	271 (73.4)	51 (85.0)	322 (75.1)
	> 60	96 (26.0)	9 (15.0)	105 (24.5)
Gender	Male	210 (56.9)	22 (36.7)	232 (54.1)	0.004
Gender	Female	159 (43.1)	38 (63.3)	197 (45.9)	0.004
BMI median (IQR)		25.96 (23.34:31.25)	29.02 (26.91:33.36)	27.76 (23.74:32.01)	0.04
Cigarette smoking		15 (18.3)	6 (18.2)	21 (18.3)	1.00
Diabetes mellitus		103 (27.9)	18 (30.0)	121 (28.2)	0.74
Hypertension		101 (27.4)	21 (35.0)	122 (28.4)	0.22
Pulmonary diseases		5 (1.4)	0 (0.0)	5 (1.2)	0.36
Symptoms	Fever	255 (69.1)	44 (73.3)	299 (69.7)	0.51
	Headache	124 (33.6)	34 (56.7)	158 (36.8)	0.001
	Dry cough	252 (68.3)	35 (58.3)	287 (66.9)	0.13
	Dyspnea	154 (41.7)	24 (40.0)	178 (41.5)	0.80
	Sore throat	68 (18.4)	20 (33.3)	88 (20.5)	0.008
Steroids		101 (27.4)	24 (40.0)	125 (29.1)	0.05
Lactoferrin		28 (7.6)	18 (30.0)	46 (10.7)	<0.001
Hydroxy-chloroquine		101 (27.4)	31 (51.7)	132 (30.8)	<0.001
Chloroquine sulfate		200 (54.2)	24 (40.0)	224 (52.2)	0.04
Vitamin C		201 (54.5)	50 (83.3)	251 (58.5)	<0.001
Azithromycin		80 (21.7)	33 (55.0)	113 (26.3)	<0.001
Other parenteral antibiotics		149 (40.4)	36 (60.0)	185 (43.1)	0.004
Subcutaneous heparin		186 (50.4)	22 (36.7)	208 (48.5)	0.05
Oral anticoagulants		20 (5.4)	13 (21.7)	33 (7.7)	<0.001
COVID-19 disease Classification	Mild	122 (33.2)	16 (26.7)	138 (32.2)	0.03
	Moderate	137 (37.2)	34 (56.7)	171 (40.0)
	Severe	53 (14.4)	6 (10.0)	59 (13.8)
	Critical	56 (15.2)	4 (6.7)	60 (14.0)
Outcome	Recovery	320 (87.2)	56 (93.3)	376 (88.1)	0.17
Outcome	Death	47(12.8)	4 (6.7)	51(11.9)	0.17
CT chest	Normal	91 (25.0)	11 (19.3)	102 (24.2)	0.35
CT chest	Abnormal	273 (75.0)	46 (80.7)	319 (75.8)	0.35
Lug consolidation		61 (17.0)	4 (7.1)	65 (15.7)	0.06
ICU admission		111 (30.2)	10 (16.7)	121 (28.3)	0.03
Fibrosis 4-score	< 1.45	202 (64.7)	34 (64.2)	236 (64.7)	0.99
	1.45:3.25	81 (26.0)	14 (26.4)	95 (26.0)
	> 3.25	29 (9.3)	5 (9.4)	34 (9.3)
Creatinine	Normal	319 (86.4)	53 (88.3)	372 (86.7)	0.89
	1-2 UNL	41 (11.1)	7 (11.7)	48 (11.2)
	2-3 UNL	2 (0.5)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.5)
	> 3UNL	7 (1.9)	0 (0.0)	7 (1.6)
Urea	Normal	226 (75.8)	46 (85.2)	272 (77.3)	0.49
	1-2 UNL	57 (19.1)	7 (13.0)	64 (18.2)
	2-3 UNL	7 (2.3)	1 (1.9)	8 (2.3)
	> 3UNL	8 (2.7)	0 (0.0)	8 (2.3)
Estimated-GFR	< 15	7 (1.9)	0 (0.0)	7 (1.6)	0.84
	15:29	5 (1.4)	1 (1.7)	6 (1.4)
	30:44	17 (4.6)	1 (1.7)	18 (4.2)
	45:59	42 (11.4)	8 (13.3)	50 (11.7)
	60:89	135 (36.6)	21 (35.0)	156 (36.4)
	≥ 90	163 (44.2)	29 (48.3)	192 (44.8)
Hemoglobin (gm/L)		12.80 (12.00:14.00)	12.05 (11.00:13.35)	12.60 (12.00:13.90)	0.02
White blood cell count (× 10⁹)		5.30 (4.35:8.40)	5.00 (3.63:7.08)	5.00 (4.40:7.60)	0.12
Neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio		3.71 (1.91:6.81)	4.20 (2.13:6.83)	3.11 (1.56:6.16)	0.85
Platelet count		213.00 (175.50:282.50)	225.50 (187.00:278.25)	208.00 (184.00:272.00)	0.87
AST		29.00 (20.00:44.00)	26.00 (17.00:45.63)	28.00 (19.00:43.00)	0.63
ALT		28.00 (19.00:46.00)	27.00 (18.00:55.50)	27.00 (18.00:46.00)	0.96
Alkaline phosphatase		86.50 (70.00:112.25)	99.00 (78.00:117.00)	89.00 (71.00:114.50)	0.18
Total bilirubin		0.80 (0.55:0.90)	0.90 (0.65:1.20)	0.80 (0.60:1.13)	0.06
Serum albumin		4.20 (3.80:4.50)	4.20 (3.70:4.40)	4.20 (3.80:4.50)	0.75
D-dimer		0.58 (0.40:1.10)	0.60 (0.40:1.22)	0.58 (0.40:1.10)	0.08
Ferritin		317.80 (156.10:615.90)	350.00 (112.50:723.98)	300.00 (132.80:590.00)	0.93
C-reactive protein		47.34 (13.81:64.00)	40.00 (7.00:64.00)	45.00 (8.25:64.00)	0.48

AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; CT: computed tomography; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; BMI: Body mass index; QR: Interquartile range; GIT: Gastrointestinal tract.

Citation: Shousha HI, Afify S, Maher R, Asem N, Fouad E, Mostafa EF, Medhat MA, Abdalazeem A, Elmorsy H, Aziz MM, Mohammed RS, Ibrahem M, Elgarem H, Omran D, Hassany M, Elsayed B, Abdelaziz AY, El Kassas M. Hepatic and gastrointestinal disturbances in Egyptian patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019: A multicentre cohort study. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(40): 6951-6966
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i40/6951.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6951