Understanding the immune response and the current landscape of immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer

Table 4 Clinical trials on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma combining vaccines and chemotherapy

National clinical trial number	Sample	Phase	Settings	Drug	Results
Jaffee et al, J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 145–56	14	I	Adjuvant (stage I/II/III)	CVAX, Chemorradiation	Effective anti-tumor immunty
NCT00084383	60	II	Adjuvant (stage I/II)	GVAX; 5FU; Chemorradiation	Combination: OS 24.8 m (95%CI: 21.2-31.6); 5FU/Chemorradiation: OS 20.3 m (95%CI: 18-23.9)
NCT01417000	93	IIa	Metastatic ≥ Second line	GVAX/Cy CRS-207	Combination: OS 6.28 m (95%CI: 4.47-9.40); GVAX/Cy: OS 4.07 m (95%CI: 3.32-5.42)
NCT02004262	303	IIb	Metastatic ≥ Second line	GVAX/Cy CRS-207 Chemotherapy	Combination: OS 3.7 m (95%CI: 2.9-5.3); CRS-207 alone: OS 5.4 m (95%CI: 4.2-6.4); Chemotherapy: OS 4.6 m (95%CI: 4.2-5.7)
UMIN000008082	60	II	Advanced First line	KIF20A; VEGFR1/2; Gemcitabine	OS 9 m HLA matched; OS 10 m HLA unmatched
NCT01072981	722	III	Adjuvant treatment	Algenpantucel-L; Gemcitabine-5FU	1-y DFS 86% algenpantucel-L vs 63% Gemcitabine-5FU; 1-y OS 65% algenpantucel-L vs 45% Gencitabine-5FU
NCT01836432	302	III	Borderline resectable; Locally advanced usresectable; First line	Algenpantucel-L; FOLFIRINOX; Gemcitabine; Nab-Paclitaxel; Capecitabine; 5FU	No results posted
NCT01781520	47	I/II	Unresectable locally advancedMetastatic Chemotherapy naïve	DC-CIK Chemotherapy S-1	DC-CIK+Chemotherapy S-1: OS 7 m; DC-CIK alone: OS 4.2 m; Chemotherapy S-1 alone: OS 4.7 m; Supportive care only: OS 1.73 m
Muscarella et al, J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: e14501-e.	176	II	Resected (KRAS mutant) adjuvant	GI-4000 Gemcitabine	GI-4000+Gemcitabine OS 19.8 m; Placebo-gemcitabine: OS 14.8 m
Middleton et al, Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: 829–840	1062	III	AdvancedMetastatic Chemotherapy naïve	GV1001 Gemcitabine Capecitabine	Treated group: OS 6.9 m (95%CI: 6.4-7.6); Chemotherapy alone: OS 7.9 m (95% 7.1-8.8)
Yanagisawa et al, Anticancer Res 2018; 38: 2217-2225	8	I	Adjuvant (I, II, III)	WT1-DC VaccineS-1 Chemotherapy Gemcitabine	No results posted
Suzuki et al, Cancer Sci 2017; 108: 73-80	66	II	Advanced First line	Antiangiogenic cancer vaccines targeting VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in addition to the KIF20A peptide; Gemcitabine	PFS HLA matched: 4.7 m; PFS HLA unmatched: 5.2 m

OS: overall survival; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: PFS: progression-free survival; Cy: Cyclophosphamide; VEGFR: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.