Evaluation of botanicals as potential COVID-19 symptoms terminator

Table 4 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor plant

Plants	The compound under study	Results	Ref.
Ammoides verticillata essential oil	Isothymol	SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 inhibition	Abdelli et al[183], 2021
Allium sativum essential oil	Organosulfur compounds (99.4% of its essential oil)	SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 inhibition. Garlic essential oil can prevent protein maturation of the virus and the spread of infection	Thuy et al[184], 2020
Apium graveolens	Apigenin	Kidneys of spontaneous hypertensive rats/Regulation in ACE2 expression	Sui et al[185], 2010
Camellia sinensis	Black tea; Dark tea; Green tea; Oolong tea; White tea	ACE inhibition: Green < oolong < white < black < dark teas	Dong et al[186], 2011
Citrus aurantium	Hesperetin. Scutellarin. Nicotianamine. Glycyrrhizin. Baicalin	SARS-CoV-2/Connecting to ACE2 and blocking the SARS-CoV-2 input	Chen and Du[187], 2020
Erigeron breviscapus
Glycine max
Glycyrrhiza radix
Scutellaria baicalensis
Geranium and lemon essential oils	Citronellol and limonene	SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 inhibition	Senthil Kumar et al[188], 2020
Ginseng Glycyrrhiza uralensis	Ginsenoside Rg6; Ginsenoside F1; Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate; Glycyrrhizic acid methyl ester	SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 kinase inhibition	Zi et al[189], 2020
Glycine max (soybean)	Nicotianamine	ACE2 inhibition	Takahashi et al[190], 2015
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Glycyrrhizic acid	SARS-CoV-2/Glycyrrhizic acid disrupts the connection of the virus with the ACE2 receptor at the entry level	Sinha et al[43], 2021
Hibiscus sabdariffa anthocyanins	Delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides	ACE inhibition	Ojeda et al[191], 2010
Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseed)	Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside	ACE inhibition	Prasad et al[192], 2013
Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil	Components (70.9% of the oil)	SARS-CoV-2/ACE2 and PDB6LU7 proteins inhibition	My et al[193], 2020
Nicotiana benthamiana	Recombinant ACE2-Fc fusion protein produced from N. benthamiana	SARS-CoV-2/Strong binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibition	Siriwattananon et al[194], 2020
Withania somnifera	Withanone	SARS-CoV-2/Docking to the connector interface of the AEC2-RBD complex	Balkrishna et al[51], 2020

ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; RBD: Receptor binding domain; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2.