Determination of gluten immunogenic peptides for the management of the treatment adherence of celiac disease: A systematic review

Table 4 Determination of gluten-free diet non-adherence using different tools, n (%)

Ref.	Stool GIP+	Urine GIP+	anti-tTG+	anti-DGP+	Questionnaires1	Symptoms	Duodenal biopsy (Marsh II/III)
Comino et al[8]	56 (30)	-	32 (18)	11 (6)	25 (18)	9 (5)	-
Moreno et al[9]	-	12 (48)	4 (16)		-	-	7 (28)
Gerasimidis et al[39]	11 (19)	-	12 (20)	-	4 (6)	-	-
Comino et al[40]	6 (25)	-	7 (20)	0 (0)	-	-	-
Costa et al[41]	11 (25)	3 (7)	9 (21)	18 (45)	18 (41)	19 (43)	-
Silvester et al[29,30]	5 (28)	8 (44)	7 (39)	-	4 (22)	8 (44)	10 (56)
Ruiz-Carnicer et al[23]	-	44 (58)	9 (12)	-	14 (23)	18 (23)	18 (24)
Fernández-Miaja et al[22]	6 (8)	-	3 (4)	-	10 (13)	-	-
Roca et al[43]	15 (35)	-	22 (51)	-	4 (9)	4 (9)	-
Porcelli et al[44]	8 (15)	-	3 (6)	-	5 (11)	16 (34)	-
Laserna-Mendieta et al[45]	22 (23)	-	11 (12)	-	17 (18)	-	6 (28)
Stefanolo et al[24]	33 (62)	37 (70)	22 (42)	25 (47)	-	18 (34)	-
Fernández-Bañares et al[46]	53 (70)	-	17 (22)	-	6 (8)	15 (20)	40 (53)

¹Questionnaires used were Celiac Disease Adherence Test (CDAT), Biagi Score and standard food records evaluated by dietitians.

GFD: Gluten-free diet; GIP: Gluten immunogenic peptides; anti-tTG: Anti-tissue transglutaminase; anti-DGP: Anti-deamidated gluten peptide; -: Not available.