Determination of gluten immunogenic peptides for the management of the treatment adherence of celiac disease: A systematic review

Table 3 Parametrical features of the gluten immunogenic peptides excretion using lateral flow immunoassay and enzyme-like immunosorbent assay methods

Specifications for the determination of GIP excretion after gluten intake	Sample	Time ranges (h)	Gluten source (amount)	Method
Shortest time to detect GIP	Urine	3-9	GCD (> 2 g)	LFIA [9,29,30]
	Stool→	< 24	GCD (> 2 g)	LFIA; ELISA[43]
Longest time to detect GIP	Urine	36	GCD (> 2 g)	LFIA[9,29,30]
	Stool	> 72	GCD (> 2 g)	LFIA; ELISA[29,30,43]
Minimal gluten intake to detect excreted GIP	Urine		> 40-500 mg/d;	LFIA; SPE + LFIA[9,41]
			25-50 mg
	Stool		> 40 mg/d	ELISA, LFIA[41,43]

GIP: Gluten immunogenic peptides; GCD: Gluten containing diet including different food types; LFIA: Lateral flow immunoassay; ELISA: Enzyme-like immunosorbent assay; SPE: Solid phase extraction.