Fluorescent cholangiography: An up-to-date overview twelve years after the first clinical application

Table 4 Advantages and current limitations of fluorescent cholangiography in comparison to intraoperative cholangiogram and laparoscopic ultrasonography

Advantages	Limitations
Real-time visualization of biliary anatomy in elective and emergent settings	Limited in patients with specific conditions, such as overweight and obesity; it needs a preliminary dissection and exposure of the hepatocystic triangle
Safer dissection of the hepatocystic triangle	Limited scientific evidence in the setting of acute cholecystitis
Detection of biliary variants and biliary leaks	High variability about indocyanine green dose and dosing time
Implementing method in combination with adequate dissection and identification technique to achieve critical view of safety	Detection of bile duct stones
Feasibility and safety	Need for consensus conference and international guidelines
Reduced medical costs
Time/faster
Lack of X-ray exposure
Simplicity and lack of learning curve
Teaching tool for young surgeons
Possibility to associate fluorescent angiography
Strong potential to become a gold standard during all cholecystectomies