Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key mucosal barrier modulators in obesity

Figure 3 The roles of bile acids in mucosal homeostasis and metabolic health. Bile acids (BAs) have complicated roles in regulating mucosal immune cell activation and gut epithelial cell functions. Different BA profiles can produce both agonists and antagonists of their cognate receptors. Only the well-characterized intestinal targets of BAs and their actions are indicated here. FGF15: Fibroblast growth factor 15; FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; TGR5: Membrane G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1; Th17: T helper cells expressing IL-17a; Treg: Regulatory T helper cells.