Faecal microbiota transplantation enhances efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy against cancer

Table 2 Changes in microbiota composition associated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 efficacy treatment against cancer and potential strategies for improving efficacy

Models	Disease	Implicated microbiota	New strategies	Implicated microbiota	Ref.
Mice	MCA205 sarcomas	Clostridiales↑, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron↑, B. uniformis↑, Bacteroidales↓, Burkholderiales↓,	(1) B. thetaiotaomicron; (2) B fragilis; and (3) Burkholderia cepacia	NO	Vétizou et al[70], 2015
Mice	CRC	NO	Lactobacillus acidophilus cell lysates	NO	Zhuo et al[73], 2019
Mice	CRC	NO	(1) Bifidobacterium pseudolongum; (2) Lactobacillus johnsonii; (3) Olsenella spp; and (4) Metabolite inosine	NO	Mager et al[74], 2020
Huamn	Melanoma	Faecalibacterium genus↑, unclassified Ruminococcus↑, Lachnospiraceae genus↑, Clostridium XIVa↑, Blautia↑, Butyrate producing bacterium↑, Gemmiger formicilis↑, Bacteroides↓, B. fragilis↓, B. thetaiotaomicron↓	NO	NO	Chaput et al[72], 2017

NO: No test or no research; CRC: Colorectal cancer.