Naïve hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients are at risk of carotid atherosclerosis: A prospective study

Table 4 Baseline characteristics and analyses of factors associated with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis of patients with hepatitis B virus infection

	Subclinical atherosclerosis	No subclinical atherosclerosis	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis		Adjusted multivariate analysis
	n = 49	n = 152	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age, yr	57 (53.5-62.0)	42 (33.0-52.0)	< 0.001	1.10 (1.06-1.16)	< 0.001	1.19 (1.12-1.25)	< 0.001
Age > 50 yr (%)	45 (91.8)	46 (30.3)	< 0.001	21.9 (6.7-71.8)	< 0.001
Male sex (%)	31 (63.3)	84 (55.3)	0.207	-	-
BMI, kg/m2	70.0 (64-77)	69.5 (62-80)	0.261	-	-
Central obesity (%)	13 (26.5)	24 (16.0)	0.079	-	0.298		0.356
Tobacco exposure (%)	22 (44.9)	38 (25.2)	0.008	-	0.208		0.920
Alcohol intake1 (%)	14 (28.5)	20 (13.5)	0.016	-	0.876		0.092
Arterial hypertension (%)	18 (36.7)	20 (13.2)	0.001	-	0.789		0.419
Diabetes mellitus (%)	5 (10.2)	5 (3.3)	0.067	-	0.994		0.457
Dyslipidemia (%)	16 (32.6)	18 (11.9)	0.001	-	0.876		0.786
Chronic hepatitis B (%)	20 (40.8)	28 (18.4)	0.002	3.35 (1.20-9.10)	0.017	1.89 (1.75-2.04)	< 0.001
Liver cirrhosis (%)	5 (10.2)	7 (4.6)	0.138	-	-
ALT, IU/mL	29 (22.0-43.5)	24 (17.0-34.0)	0.310	-	--
ALT > ULN (%)	10 (20.4)	22 (14.5)	0.220	-	-
GGT, IU/mL	31 (18.0-62.5)	20 (16.0-28.0)	< 0.001	-	0.120
GGT > ULN (%)	16 (32.7)	8 (5.3)	< 0.001	5.90 (1.60-21.40)	0.007	1.27 (1.19-1.36)	< 0.001
HbA1c, %	5.5 (5.3-5.8)	5.4 (5.1-5.6)	0.004	-	0.78		0.551
HbA1c ≥ 6% (%)	7 (14.6)	6 (4.1)	0.018	-	-
HOMA index	3.3 (2.2-6.0)	2.4 (1.7-3.6)	0.038	-			0.054
HOMA index > 3 (%)	22 (45.8)	51 (34.2)	0.102	-	-
HBsAg, logIU/mL	3.2 (2.5-3.6)	3.3 (2.4-4.0)	0.321	-	-
HBV DNA, logIU/mL	3.1(2.4-3.8)	2.9 (2.3-3.5)	0.533	-	-
Transient elastography, kPa	6.2(4.2-10.3)	5.2 (4.2-6.9)	0.059	--	0.327	1.01 (1.00-1.01)	< 0.001
CAP, dB/m	246 (210.0-289.0)	213 (185.0-261.5)	0.004	--	0.220	1.000 (1.000-1.001)	0.006
CAP > 227 dB/m (%)	29 (67.4)	51 (38.3)	0.001	--	0.172

Data are given as mean ± SD or as n (%).

¹Significant alcohol intake was defined as > 30 g per day for male and > 20 g per day for female.At the multivariate logistic regression model only patients with available data for all the variables were included (n = 250). The cut-off for inclusion was a P value < 0.10 in the univariate model. ALT: Alanine transaminase; BMI: Body mass index; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; CI: Confidence interval; CAP: control attenuation parameter; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; GGT: Gamma glutamyltransferase; OR: Odds ratio; ULN: Upper limit of normality; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen.