Genetic variant of cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric cancer: More inflammation and susceptibility

Figure 3 Schematic representation of interactions in regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 to generate an inflammatory microenvironment that has been described in the review. The active pathway of Helicobacter pylori infection is shown on the right. TLR: Toll-like receptor; NF-κB: Nuclear factor κB; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; EP4: Prostaglandin E receptor subtype 4; C-Src: Cellular src; Akt: Protein kinase B; AP-1: Activator protein 1; MEK1: MAP kinase kinase 1; USF: Upstream stimulatory factor; NIK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14; Inos: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; ATF-2: Activating transcription factor 2; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin; CXCL: Chemokine (CXC motif) ligand; CCL: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2.